Management at WorkIn the 1988 film Stand and Deliver, Edward James Olmos plays real-life teacher Jaime Escalante. After the film was screened, Escalante described it as "90 percent truth, 10 percent drama."In the film, as in life, Escalante teaches mathematics at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. Most of the students are from working-class Mexican American families and are not excelling academically. They receive messages every day from their families, other teachers, and society at large that they are not capable of achieving much. Escalante, a math teacher from Bolivia who had worked in unskilled jobs when he first came to the United States, believes in their ability, saying, "It's not that they're stupid. It's just they don't know anything." He sets them a challenge: take and pass the Advanced Placement Calculus exam by their senior year.The movie telescopes time for dramatic effect, showing the students achieving a college credit-earning score on the AP exam in Escalante's second year of teaching them. In fact, Escalante refined his pedagogical approach over a number of years, as well as working to institute more rigorous math classes in the middle schools that fed Garfield High School. However, the film accurately portrays the summer intensive course that Escalante established to help his students gain the grade-level math skills they had not yet learned. It also shows him working outside regular hours, staying late to tutor students and even visiting their parents to educate them about the importance of school for their child.In the film, the teacher acknowledges the prejudice that his students face and challenges them to succeed despite it: "There will be no free rides, no excuses. You already have two strikes against you: your name and your complexion. . . . Math is the great equalizer. . . . You're going to work harder here than you've ever worked anywhere else. And the only thing I ask from you is ganas, desire."At the same time, he encourages them to see their heritage as a strength: "Did you know that neither the Greeks nor the Romans were capable of using the concept of zero? It was your ancestors, the Mayans, who first contemplated the zero. [You] have math in your blood."He also encourages them to think about their potential futures, to "see the road ahead." He often draws a picture of what life is like for people with the low-paying, low-status jobs that high school dropouts can get and contrasts that lifestyle with the opportunities available to people who attend college.As the above quotes indicate, the film shows Escalante teaching with tremendous passion motivated by a deep commitment to his students' futures. According to the obituary for the real-life Escalante in the Los Angeles Times, "he mesmerized students with his entertaining style and deep understanding of math. Educators came from around the country to observe him at Garfield, which built one of the largest and most successful Advanced Placement programs in the nation."Sources:Menndez, R. (Director). (1988). Stand and deliver[Film]. Warner Bros; Woo, E. (2013, April 25). Jaime Escalante dies at 79; math teacher who challenged East L.A. students to 'Stand and Deliver.' Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-jaime-escalante31-2010mar31-story.html

How did Escalante set high expectations and model behaviors consistent with meeting those expectations?Check all that apply.

He teaches summer intensive classes and AP Calculus classes.

He tells the class, "You're going to work harder here than you've ever worked anywhere else."

He says of his students, "It's not that they're stupid. It's just they don't know anything."

He worked hard to qualify to teach high school after immigrating to the United States.

In real life and in the movie, the organization that administers the AP Calculus test accuses Escalante's students of cheating. Escalante has his students retake the exam to prove that their high scores were not a result of cheating. His willingness to have them take the exam a second time is evidence of which leadership behavior?

Developing a vision

Inviting dissent

Trusting subordinates

Staying calm under pressure

In real life, Jaime Escalante eventually left Garfield High School to teach elsewhere. Imagine that you work for a transformative leader who leaves your organization to pursue a new opportunity. You now have a new manager who is not as talented a leader.Select the correct answers to the following question.

Your manager has left, and their successor is not as skilled a leader. Which characteristics of employees at your organization would substitute for the missing leadership?Check all that apply.

Few job-related skills

Little desire for organizational rewards

A high need for independence

A lot of experience in their jobs