Managerial accounting ABC aims at identifying as many costs possible to be subsequently accounted as direct costs of production. Any cost that is traced to a particular product via its consumption of activity becomes direct cost of the product. For instance, in conventional costing system, cost of setup and adjustment time is considered as factory overhead and subsequently assigned to different products on the basis of direct labour hours. But in ABC, setup and adjustment time is determined for each product and its costs are directly charged to each product. ABC is generally used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability.

11 What is the advantage of intermittent self-catheterization over an indwelling catheter? How is bladder training done while on an indwelling catheter?

12 Kindly tell me about the role of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in early diagnosis of arteriosclerosis. How is it useful in cardiac, diabetic and renal medicine?

13 You say that no convincing evidence was found that chronic hyperuricaemia causes nephropathy and nor can it be corrected by allopurinol. However, some patients we see have high serum uric acid and creatinine, which both come down with allopurinol. Please comment.

14 Can aspirin cause analgesic nephropathy? If yes, then how could we justify its use in primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD), even in high-risk patients? I have read that regular use of analgesics for 3 years could cause analgesic nephropathy.

15 What is the probability that a patient on a moderate daily dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; ibuprofen 800 mg once daily for tension headache) will develop analgesic nephropathy?

16 Do daily doses of paracetamol with the dosage range of 1 g/day cause analgesic nephropathy. If so, after what length of time?

17 Allopurinol is used for the treatment of uric acid stones; it is also one of the aetiologies of renal calculi. Could you please explain its actual effect.

18 Why should we avoid angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as hypertensive therapy in the presence of renal artery stenoses? How can they lead to acute renal failure? What else can we prescribe for this patient to regulate the hypertension?

19 Is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors contraindicated in cases of unilateral renal artery stenosis?

20 1. How effective is renal duplex in detecting renal artery stenosis? 2. Is magnetic resonance angiography superior to renal duplex in detecting renal artery stenosis?