Managerial accounting The first was the introduction of interest-free loans for qualifying energyefficient building projects, from early April 2009. Such loans are available for house renovation work to reduce both energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. The loan is granted for certain types of work (such as project management and energy consumption assessments, insurance fees, etc.) or for any work involved in and inseparable from energy efficiency improvements and installation carried out by a professional. This latter category includes the installation of new windows, including triple-glazed windows. Specific conditions must be met to qualify for such a loan (concerning the age of the house, the grant of any previous loan, the amount of the loan, repayment schedule, etc.) These loans rapidly became popular: by late July 2009, 15,000 applications had been received, and by the end of March 2010, more than 100,000 loans had been granted.

31 What are uraemic frost conditions?

32 What is the role of terlipressin or novapressin in the management of hepatorenal syndrome?

33 What is the rationale of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic renal disease?

34 What procedure is recommended for post renal transplant if this is the second graft?

35 Do the cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) undergo malignant transformation and in what percentage?

36 In a 69-year-old patient with a 2-cm hard prostatic nodule on digital rectal examination, what is the more appropriate way to make a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer: prostate biopsy or serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA)?

37 A 50-year-old patient complains from slight lower urological symptoms (mild difficulty in urination). By digital rectal examination a mass of (1) hypertrophy can be palpated. His family history contains cases of prostate cancer (in some relatives). What is the next investigation to do in this patient? Titration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Is it useful in such a patient? Why? Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)? TRUS-guided needle biopsy?

38 What are the causes of urinary incontinence in the elderly?

39 For how long could urinary retention persist after major gastrointestinal tract surgery? Will cholinesterase inhibitors be of benefit in enhancing emptying of the bladder?

40 1. What are the possible causes of a large, white kidney? 2. What is the physiological significance of a giant cell?

41 What is the amount of 24-hour urinary albumin excretion above which a diabetic patient is said to have microalbuminuria?

42 How is forced diuresis induced in cases of prerenal failure?