Managerial accounting The management of Twin sharing limited wants to have an idea of the profit lost/foregone as a result of labour turnover last year. Last year sales accounted to ` 66,000,000 and the P/V Ratio was 20%. The total number of actual hours worked by the direct labour force was 3.45 lakhs. As a result of the delays by the Personnel Department in filling vacancies due to labour turnover, 75,000 potential productive hours were lost. The actual direct labour hours included 30,000 hours attributable to training new recruits, out of which half of the hours were unproductive.

1 Please explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract.

2 What is the difference between a submandibular salivary gland swelling and swelling of a salivary lymph node?

3 How does Barrett's oesophagus develop?

4 Is it recommended to treat asymptomatic endoscopically diagnosed reflux oesophagitis with acid suppression and/or antireflux measures?

5 Is it recommended to give a young patient, diagnosed endoscopically to have mild reflux oesophagitis, life-long proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to prevent the development of Barrett's oesophagitis?

6 Is it safe to give a patient with reflux oesophagitis who is on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for treatment of acid suppression, aspirin in antiplatelet doses (75-325 mg per day)?

7 Does a combination of magnesium and aluminium hydroxide salts, taken as antacid for reflux oesophagitis, have serious long-term adverse effects?

8 In the treatment of reflux oesophagitis with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), should the PPI be life long or given for 4-8 weeks, as mentioned by the drug manufacturers?

9 Would a patient who suffers with reflux oesophagitis as a result of a hiatus hernia, and who is not responsive to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), benefit from a highly selective vagotomy?

10 1. What are the causes of belching and what appropriate drug can be used? 2. What are the effects of smoking on the gastrointestinal tract and what is its role in peptic ulcer disease?