MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING.Because organizations exist to achieve some particular purpose, someone must define that purpose and the means for its achievement. Managers are that someone. As managers engage in planning, they set goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities. Managers are also responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization's goals. We call this function organizing. Every organization has people, and a manager's job is to work with and through people to accomplish goals. This is the leading function. The final management function is controlling. After goals and plans are set (planning), tasks and structural arrangements put in place (organizing), and people hired, trained, and motivated (leading), there has to be some evaluation of whether things are going as planned.

Question 33 What is the rationale of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic renal disease?

Question 34 What procedure is recommended for post renal transplant if this is the second graft?

Question 35 Do the cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) undergo malignant transformation and in what percentage? 11 Renal disease 106

Question 36 In a 69-year-old patient with a 2-cm hard prostatic nodule on digital rectal examination, what is the more appropriate way to make a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer: prostate biopsy or serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA)?

Question 37 A 50-year-old patient complains from slight lower urological symptoms (mild difficulty in urination). By digital rectal examination a mass of (1) hypertrophy can be palpated. His family history contains cases of prostate cancer (in some relatives). What is the next investigation to do in this patient? Titration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Is it useful in such a patient? Why? Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)? TRUS-guided needle biopsy?

Question 38 What are the causes of urinary incontinence in the elderly?

Question 39 For how long could urinary retention persist after major gastrointestinal tract surgery? Will cholinesterase inhibitors be of benefit in enhancing emptying of the bladder?

Question 40 1. What are the possible causes of a large, white kidney? 2. What is the physiological significance of a giant cell?

Question 41 What is the amount of 24-hour urinary albumin excretion above which a diabetic patient is said to have microalbuminuria?

Question 42 How is forced diuresis induced in cases of prerenal failure? Because organizations exist to achieve some particular purpose, someone must define that