Managers of Grilled Snacks, a fast $-$ food restaurant chain, visited Spectacular Sandwiches, a competitor. Spectacular Sandwiches has a system in which waiters use a cell phone to text orders directly to the kitchen. The two companies made an arrangement by which Grilled Snacks adopted the ordering system and, in turn, Spectacular Sandwiches adopted a food $-$ preparation technique devised by Grilled Snacks. This scenario is an example of

internal development.

technology trading.

research partnership.

contracted development.

licensing.