Many kids like to play a game called Hot and Cold (also called Fire and Ice). The goal is for one child to figure out what to touch and the other child provides reinforcement by saying things like, 'you're getting warmer, you're getting hotter!'. If the first child goes in the wrong direction, they are told that they are getting colder. In operant conditioning terms, this is called 

Group of answer choices 

shaping. 

noncontingent reinforcement. 

discriminative learning. 

extinction.