Many students insist that they study better when listening to music. A teacher doubts this claim and suspects that listening to music hurts academic performance. The teacher selects a random sample of 30 students from the school to participate in the study. Each of the selected students is asked whether he or she studies while listening to music, and then their GPAs at the end of the semester are recorded.

Results: Students who listened to music while studying generally had lower GPAs than students who didn't listen to music while studying.

What conclusion can we draw from this study? Explain your answer.