Mark Hancock Inc. manufactures a specialized surgical instrument called the HAN-20. The firm has grown rapidly in recent years because of the products low price and high quality. However, sales have declined this year primarily due to increased competition and a decrease in the surgical procedures for which the HAN-20 is used. The firm is concerned about the decline in sales and has hired a consultant to analyze the firms profitability. The consultant was provided the following information:

		2018		2019
Sales (units)		4400		4000
Production		4600		3520
Budgeted production and sales		5200		4600
Beginning inventory		800		1000
Data per unit (all variable)
Price	$	2,095	$	1,995
Direct materials and labor		1,200		1,200
Selling costs		125		125
Fixed costs
Manufacturing overhead	$	910,000	$	805,000
Selling and administrative		120,000		120,000

Top management at Hancock explained to the consultant that a difficult business environment for the firm in 2018 and 2019 had caused the firm to reduce its price and production levels and reduce its fixed manufacturing costs in response to the decline in sales. Even with the price reduction, there was a decline in sales in both years. This led to an increase in inventory in 2018, which the firm was able to reduce in 2019 by further reducing the level of production. In both years, Hancocks actual production was less than the budgeted level so that the overhead rate for fixed overhead, calculated from budgeted production levels, was too low, and a production volume variance was calculated to adjust cost of goods sold for the underapplied fixed overhead (the calculation of the production volume variance is explained fully in Chapter 15 and reviewed briefly below).

The production volume variance for 2018 was determined from the fixed overhead rate of $175 per unit ($910,000/5,200 budgeted units). Because the actual production level was 600 units short of the budgeted level in 2018 (5,200 4,600), the amount of the production volume variance in 2018 was 600 $175 = $105,000. The production volume variance is underapplied because the actual production level is less than budgeted, and the production volume variance is therefore added back to cost of goods sold to determine the amount of cost of goods sold in the full costing income statement. The full costing income statement for 2018 is shown below:

Sales				9,218,00
Cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory	$	1,100,000
Cost of goods produced		6,325,000
Cost of goods available for sale	$	7,425,000
Less ending inventory		1,375,000
Cost of goods sold:			$	6,050,000
Plus unfavorable production volume variance				105,000
Adjusted cost of goods sold			$	6,155,000
Gross margin			$	3,063,000
Less selling and administrative costs
Variable	$	550,000
Fixed		120,000		670,000
Operating income			$	2,393,000

Required:

1. Using the full costing method, prepare the income statement for 2019.

2-a. Using variable costing, prepare an income statement for each period.

2-b. Prepare a reconciliation of the difference each year in the operating income resulting from the full- and variable-costing methods.