Martin Corp. permits any of its employees to buy shares directly from the company through payroll deduction. There are no brokerage fees and shares can be purchased at a 10% discount. During 2021, employees purchased 8 million shares; during this same period, the shares had a market price of $15 per share at the end of the year. Martin's 2021 pretax earnings will be reduced by: $120 million $0. $108 million $12 million