Matt is 42 years old and received a $19,000 distribution from his Roth IRA, established in 2009. At the time of the distribution, the Roth IRA account totaled totaled $27,850: $17,000 regular contributions, $8,000 taxable conversion contributions made in 2016, and $2,850 earnings. How much of his distribution is taxable and subject to the early distribution penalty?

a) $0 taxable; $0 penalized.

b) $0 taxable; $2,000 penalized.

c) $0 taxable; $19,000 penalized.

d) $2,000 taxable; $2,000 penalized.