Method Participants Seventeen male and 11 female undergraduate students were re- cruited. Participants received either partial course credit or $7. They came to the laboratory in small groups of no more than 6 people.

Materials As in Study 1, facial stimuli displaying pure facial expressions (in this case, joy or sadness) were used. All stimuli were selected from the same facial sets and prepared according to same parameters as described for Study 1. Blended expressions combining joy and sadness expressions, however, did not yield suitable stimuli, and therefore were not included in this study. Notably, researchers have historically had difficulty blending expressions of positive and negative emotions (Nummenmaa, 1990).

Procedure The task was identical to the task in Study 1, except that joy and sadness emotion judgments were made, and participants saw a total of 240 rather than 304 stimuli.

Results The dependent measure of interest was the mean latency of response for correctly labeling faces as displaying either joy or sadness. Prior to analyses, the data were trimmed, and log transformed. Outliers (1.2%) and incorrect responses (5.1%) were dropped from the analy- ses. As for Study 1, the means and standard errors reported here were transformed back to milliseconds. To test the hypothesis that gaze would influence the speed with which facial expressions were labeled, we computed a 2 (joy vs. sadness expression)2 (direct vs. averted gaze) repeated measures analysis of variance. A main effect for emotion emerged, F(1, 27) 15.26, p.0001, r.6; joyous faces (M609.5 ms, SE16.0 ms) were correctly labeled more quickly than sad faces (M633.9 ms, SE 15.2 ms). The predicted interaction between emotion and gaze direction was found, F(1, 27)20.97, p.0001, r.66 (see Table 2). As expected, joy expressions were more quickly decoded when displayed with direct than averted gaze, t(27)3.51, p.01, r.56. Sadness expressions were more quickly decoded when displayed with averted than direct gaze, t(27)2.63, p.02, r.45.

1. Identify the following:
2. Independent variable(s): Specify their names in APA format (i.e., capitalized) and the levels of each.

1. Dependent variable(s): Name them. If there are more than two, select the two most important.
2. State the main rationale for the research.
3. State the primary experimental hypothesis.
4. Participants: Who were the participants and how were they selected? How many were there?

2) From a) or b), above, specifyone operational definition. In other words,just as with the Operational Definitions homework assignment, pick either an IV or a DV and specify how it was manipulated or measured.

3) What are important theories/empirical findingsrelated to the study?

1. Theories. What theory or theories informed the work?
2. What inferential statistical analyses were conducted? Inferential statistics are those for which probability values are provided. Do NOT include means, standard deviations, etc. These are descriptive statistics. Check Results section for this information.
3. State the main result(s) in your own words.
4. To what extent did the results support the hypothesis?

4) Specify the experimental design in APA style. Use one of the following templates, as appropriate for studies with either just one IV or 2 or more IVs:

1. For one IV:"This was a [within-subjects; between groups] ___________ experiment with IV Name (Level 1, Level 2, etc.) with _____________ as the primary dependent variable." [Choose

1. For multiple IVs:"This was a 2 (Variable 1 Name: Level 1, Level 2...) x 3 (Variable 2 Name: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3...) [within-subjects; between groups] ___________ experiment with _____________ as the primary dependent variable.

5)Identify acontrol variable or condition: These are factors that the experimenter held constant but are not independent variables. For instance, an experimenter might have used only males, or only students within a certain age range, etc. They may have controlled the ambient level of noise, light, etc., or used a certain instrument calibrated a certain way. They may have used remote recording devices that turned on and off for specified periods of time at random intervals, etc. They may have recorded only those responses that occurred within a pre-defined time frame or only kept data from participants who responded above a certain threshold of accuracy, etc.

6)What critique did the author(s) offer for their own study or how did they suggest the study could be improved or extended?