Meyran (1997) examined body size in the freshwater crustacean Gammarus fossarum from alpine rivers near Grenoble, France. These rivers differed in calcium concentration, which Meyran thought might affect growth in these crustaceans. Below I have provided data on body length (in millimeters) of Gammarus from three of these rivers, code-named B3, V1, and V3.

Body Length (mm)
B3	V1	V3
5.98	7.69	9.56
4.69	6.12	10.23
5.42	6.88	7.12
6.19	9.02	8.68
5.24	8.24	8.75

A) What are appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for this experiment?

B) Conduct an ANOVA on these data, being sure to interpret the results you obtain and include data from excel.

C) Use Tukeys HSD test to perform a set of all pairwise comparisons (that is, to do a post-hoc test). I have provided a separate pdf that contains the critical values of the Studentized range statistic (q) which you will need to do this portion of the question, if you do it by hand.

D) BONUS! Develop two orthogonal a priori comparisons for these data, and use the method of planned comparisons to determine whether these comparisons generate significant differences. As part of this question, you need to show that your comparisons are orthogonal!