MODULE: PRESENT CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE The doctrine of sovereignty is continually challenged in the practical application of these ideas globally. There are different global governance actors, which grouped their ideas and norms of human rights and human security. It is a fact that there are huge and severe violations or infractions of human rights and freedoms during inter- or intra- state wars or conflicts. If unhealed, these will continue to destroy human security in different parts of the world. Unfortunately, there are existing barriers to solve these problems like the complicated approval procedures of humanitarian intervention or authorization of peacekeeping operations. Despite the efforts of the governance actors to maintain peace, security, justice and the protection of human rights, they have limited capacities to improve the situations. The power to shift and paradigm in the current system of global governance has become more diffused subsequently. The growth in power of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS), and other rising powers lend queries on the possible reordering of the present status of global governance. Furthermore, the governments of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging economies started to explore alternative institutions or mechanisms for economic and political collaboration. There arose a question on better representation in such institutions as the IMF, World Bank, and the UN Security Council. There are indeed power shifts in international relations, which also affect global governance. The conventional structural institutions of global governance were actually created by the Western States. Their pluralistic political culture and influential civil societies have molded the political sphere of global governance. The latter also originated in the liberal paradigms of global politics. When a liberal world order is achieved, both the states and non-state or transnational actors are cooperative with the global governance. There has been an evolution of global governance with liberal paradigms, including democracy, bottom-up orientations and human rights promotion. Indeed, democracy continues to be a near-universal appeal among people of every ethnic group, every religion, and every region of the world. It is truly a challenge on the advancement of democratic practices in the states without solid traditions to embrace the liberal values system. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW International law predates the United Nations. The promotion of the progressive development of international law is one primary function of the United Nations, the father of international law, Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), was one of the first to identify the agreed-upon principles and norms, which guided the rules and behavior. The international organizations, as creatures of the sovereign states, can further their shared interest to confront and solve international problems. An example of this is the United Nations. The U.N. was officially established in 1945 to save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war. Moreover, the UN also was created to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained. The principle creators and enforcers of international law are the state. But this scenario is gradually paving the way to a cosmopolitan legal order. This is where the non-state actors like the UN and international courts have a significant role in shaping the law, in particular. The international courts are functionally part of the UN family which also created the international laws. The International Courts of Justice was principally established to act as the judicial arm; but, an optional clause within the ICJ statute permits the states to decide whether they grant the ICJ statute permits the states to decide whether they grant the ICJ jurisdiction over legal disputes. Eventually, it only hears one or two cases per year. The UN and more specifically, the Security Council, had a vital task in the development of international courts and tribunals. These provide the avenues for order and stability in a complex world of sovereign states, which confront serious global conflicts and dilemmas. In conclusion, the United Nations provides the central role to help states achieve international or global consensus on how to have governance on global issues without a centralized world government. REQUIRED The growth of other emerging economies like Brazil, India, China, Russia and South Africa, will have an impact in the future.

required: Explaine 3 phenomena that u can think of that can come out of these countries (ex. Trade, technology)