More and more people are experiencing the effects of global warming and climate change and fewer have doubts about it. A number of persons are expecting a transition to a low- carbon economy in the next number of years and decades where solar and wind farms and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are regarded as alternatives to fossil fueL. based energy and transportation. Such infrastructure is, however, mineral and metal intensive and a number of minerals may be used to a larger extend than before. Lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese are important for the manufacturing of batteries used in EVs. According to Seddon (2019) Argus expects the demand for lithium to increase 5,4-fold from 50 000 tones in 2018 to 270 000 tones by 2030. This and predictions for nickel and cobalt are summarised in table 1 below.Table 1. Three important battery metals.

Metal

Actual demand in 2018

Lithium, Li

50 000 tonnes

Cobalt, Co

100 000 tonnes

Nickel, Ni

2,3 million tonnesTable 1. Three important battery metals.

Metal

Actual demand in 2018

Lithium, Li

50 000 tonnes

Cobalt, Co

100 000 tonnes

Nickel, Ni

2.3 million tonnesCalculate the average annual compounded rate at which demand is expected to grow for

each one of the three metals listed in table 1.

'creamier, ragm,30 2 milion Barela per day in 2018 10 106 A miNion barrels per day If 2022 ) 2-1 arS

In their Oil 2019 report the International Energy Agency forecasts that demand for oil will

(Creamer, 2019). Calculate the average annual growth rate from this prediction and compare it

with that of Li, Co and Ni.

99, 2m barr

percentage

day

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106,4-m