Name the four important circumstances for stop. [2 marks] (ii) Which of these circumstances is every now and again blocked in working framework portion plans to forestall halts and why? [2 marks] (b) Deadlocks are not restricted to locks; patterns of looking out for condition factors can additionally lead to the "lethal hug". (I) Explain why it very well may be more challenging to investigate stops including condition factors than those basically including locks. [2 marks] (ii) Briefly depict a condition-variable API change that could permit this issue to be tackled now and again; make sense of why it can't necessarily help. [2 marks] (c) FreeBSD's WITNESS include checks statically characterized and progressively found lock orders. Each time a lock is procured, any already unseen diagram edges including lock types presently held by the string and the recently obtained lock type will be added to the chart. Cycle location is performed, what's more, investigate data is printed assuming a formerly unreported cycle is found. (I) Describe a typical code structure in which developers are probably going to be ready to characterize a static request between two lock types. [2 marks] (ii) Describe a typical case in which software engineers are probably going to depend all things being equal on powerful revelation of a request between two lock types. [2 marks] (iii) Unlike the halt location calculation introduced in address, the WITNESS calculation doesn't eliminate edges when locks are delivered. Make sense of why WITNESS's way of behaving may be more valuable by and by. [2 marks] (iv) WITNESS is dependent upon bogus up-sides: admonitions can be transmitted due to genuine cycles despite the fact that, by plan, the cycle would never set off an genuine stop. Depict what is going on in which this could emerge, and make sense of why stop would never happen. [3 marks] (v) WITNESS, as composed, is expected to be utilized with mutexes and other lock types giving shared rejection. A designer could na?vely broaden Observer to help peruser author locks (rwlock) by presenting diagram edges for both read and compose secures as it accomplishes for mutex gains. Make sense of why this could not necessarily lead to the ideal outcome.

2- Compare between Binary-Weighted-Input, and R/2R Ladder digital-to-analog converter (DAC), assuming 3bit DAC. Showing that: a) The circuit diagram of each type. b) The advantages and disadvantages of each type. c) Discuss resolution, accuracy, linearity, monotonicity, and settling time in a DAC.