need some clarification

15. The \"e'icient\" crime rate (a) Is always zero. (b) Never depends on the benet of the act to the o'ender. (0} May be positive, even if offender benets don't count in social welfare? because enforcement is costly. (d) None of the above. _16. The optimism model of trials predicts that trials will be more likely as (a) The stakes of the case increase. (b) Trial costs decrease. (o) The parties become more optimistic about their chances of winning at trial. (d) All of the above. _1?. The English rule for allocating legal costs (a) Says each party should pay their own costs. (b) Says the loser should pay the winner's costs. (C) Says the winner should pay the loser's costs. (d) Does not affect the settlement rate