Negative factors that could have prevented success are firstly linked with periodical problems with finding financial sources. For instance, own financial contributions are required in many national and international projects. The second problem is the lack of financial sustainability in the case of many valuable initiatives when external funding comes to an end. Apart from financial obstacles, there are also problems with mental and motivational barriers concerning UBC in Poland. Another factor is an insufficient level of staff with practical experience in commercialisation of research outputs WCTT is a good example of how to be successful in building bridges between academic centres and businessindustrial partners. The centre can be regarded as a model organisation for those institutions which begin and run activities in the field of technology transfer or plan to set up special units, offices etc. responsible for cooperation with business partners and external stakeholders.

Question 31 What are uraemic frost conditions?

Question 32 What is the role of terlipressin or novapressin in the management of hepatorenal syndrome?

Question 33 What is the rationale of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic renal disease?

Question 34 What procedure is recommended for post renal transplant if this is the second graft?

Question 35 Do the cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) undergo malignant transformation and in what percentage?

Question 36 In a 69-year-old patient with a 2-cm hard prostatic nodule on digital rectal examination, what is the more appropriate way to make a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer: prostate biopsy or serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA)?

Question 37 A 50-year-old patient complains from slight lower urological symptoms (mild difficulty in urination). By digital rectal examination a mass of (1) hypertrophy can be palpated. His family history contains cases of prostate cancer (in some relatives). What is the next investigation to do in this patient? Titration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Is it useful in such a patient? Why? Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)? TRUS-guided needle biopsy?

Question 38 What are the causes of urinary incontinence in the elderly?

Question 39 For how long could urinary retention persist after major gastrointestinal tract surgery? Will cholinesterase inhibitors be of benefit in enhancing emptying of the bladder?

Question 40 1. What are the possible causes of a large, white kidney? 2. What is the physiological significance of a giant cell?