New York Times article on "Colleges are Fueling the Pandemic in a Classic Market Failure"

1. Explain why public goods, common pool resources, and externality may lead to market failures, which may require "government intervention for the invisible hand to do its work?"

2. Based on the article, why did colleges and universities decide to open their campuses as compared to public schools that shut down? What was the difference between them in solving the externality?