Next, describe the author's underlying values and identify any assumptions they may have made.

4 |_ The beef with beefi-l Anonymous. The Economist; London vol. 441, Iss. SIZE-5, [Dd 2, 1021]: 35'. 44 {TI Treating cattle like cool would make a big dent in gmenhousegos emissio natl (.I Few dishes whet more palates than a juicy cut of beef. Cine poll in 2D14 found that steak was Arnericans' favourite food. Unfortunately, by cooking so many cows, humans are cooking themselves, too.s' The impact of food on greenhouse-gas {ghg} emissions can slip under the radar. In a survey in Britain last year, the share of respondents saying that "producing plants and meat on fa rms" was a "signicant contributor" to climate change was the lowest among ten listed activities. 'r'et two papers published this year in Nature Food nd that food, especially beef, creates more ghgs than previously thought. Forgoing steaks may be one of the most efcient ways to reduce your carbon footprints:l {.I In 2019 the UN's lntergovemmental Panel on Climate Change estimated that the global food system was responsible for 2133% of ghg emissions. This March researchers from the European Commission and the UN's Food and gricultu re Ofce released a study with a central estimate near the top of this range. It attributed 34% of ghgs produced in 215 to foods:-l {.I This elevated share stems in part from accounting choices. The paper assigns the full impact of deforestation to the agriculture that results from it: includes emissions after food is sold [such as from waste and cooking}: and counts non-food crops like cotton. But even when the authors excluded embedded emissions from sources like transport and packaging, they still found that agriculture generated 24% of ghgs. According to the World Resources Institute, a research group, cars, trains, ships and planes produce a total of 159% {.l Another recent paper, by Itiaoming Xu of the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign and eight co authors, allocates this impact among 17r'1 crops and 15 animal products. It nds that animalbased foods account for 57% of agricultural ghgs, versus 2956 for food from plants. Beef and cow's milk alone made up 3495. Combined with the earlier study's results, this implies that cattle produce 12% of ghg emissions.