Nickolas Rentals offers machine rental services for concrete cutting. Consider the following costs of the company over the relevant range of 5,000 to 8,000 hours of operating time for its concrete cutting equipment.

Hours of Operating Time

5,000 8,000

Total Costs:

Variable Costs

$ 40,000

Fixed Costs

168,000

Total Costs ????

$208000

What are the estimated total fixed costs at a volume of 8,000 hours?