Oakville Corp. incurred the following costs during 2023 in connection with its research and development phase activities: Cost of equipment acquired for use in research and development projects over the next five years (straight-line depreciation used) $240,000 Materials consumed in research projects 61,000 Materials consumed in the development of a product committed for manufacturing in the first quarter of 2024 32,000 Consulting fees paid in the last quarter of 2023 to outsiders for research and development projects, including $4,500 for advice related to the $32,000 of materials used above 95,000 Personnel costs for research and development projects 108,000 Indirect costs reasonably allocated to research and development projects 25,000 General borrowing costs on the companys line of credit 12,000 Training costs for a new customer service software program 17,500 Instructions a. Calculate the amount to be reported as research and development expense by Oakville on its income statement for 2023. Assume the equipment is purchased at the beginning of the year. Assume the company follows IFRS for financial reporting purposes. b. Explain the treatment of training costs and borrowing costs incurred after the six development phase capitalization criteria are met. c. Explain how the answer to part (a) may be the same or differ if ASPE were followed.