Officer Jones and his supervisor are being sued in a Section 1983 case for false arrest by John R. Smith. Officer Jones had been issued an arrest warrant for John R. Smith. He had also been given an address on the north side of town and physical description of Mr. Smith. Upon arrival at the address given, Officer Jones knocked on the front door, and a man matching the description he had been given answered the door. Officer Jones asked, "Are you John R. Smith, and do you live at this residence?" When Smith answered "Yes," Officer Jones took Smith into custody. It later developed that the arrest warrant should have been for John P. Smith, who matches the same description, but lives on the south side of town. The term "vicarious liability" applies to