OL-39 CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS ONLINE LAB 7/1/2020 OBJECTIVES The purpose of this lab will be to determine how capacitors behave in R-C circuits by measuring the time for charging and discharging. The manner in which capacitors combine will also be studied.

EQUIPMENT PhET interactive simulation tool [Circuit Construction Kit: (AC+DC) - Virtual Lab] https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab See: 00-PhET Simulation Tool instructions for Electric Circuits Labs, on how to set up the circuit in PhET.

THEORY An RC circuit is one in which we have a resistor in series with a capacitor (Figure 1). In this figure, the battery is not connected to the circuit, and there is no charging of the capacitor. Assume that the capacitor is initially completely un-charged (which can be done by connecting both ends of the capacitor with a piece of wire). The switch is then thrown to position 'a' at time t = 0 s (figure 2). This starts charging the capacitor, and the rate of charging is given by: q(t)= Q(1-e^(- t/RC) ) (1) Where q(t) is the charge at time t after charging starts, R and C are the values of the resistance and capacitance. Q is the maximum charge that can be stored on the capacitor, and is given by Q=C V_C (2) =R C (3) Where C is the Capacitance of the capacitor, and V is the applied potential across the capacitor (= volts). The term RC is called the time constant ( ) of the RC circuit, and is the time taken for the capacitor to charge to 63.2% of its maximum possible value. The capacitor charges with time as shown in Figure 3. Even though equation (1) and this curve indicate that the capacitor will never be fully charged, for most practical purposes we consider that the capacitor is fully charges after a time that is more than 5 time-constants have passed. To discharge the capacitor through the resistor, we move the switch to position 'b', as in Figure 4. The capacitor discharges according to equation (3). The charge decreases exponentially as shown in Figure 5. q(t)= Q e^(- t/RC) (4)

In this experiment we will determine the time that it takes for the capacitor to charge and discharge to some value. From Eqn (2) we see that since the capacitance 'C' is constant for a given capacitor, the charge 'Q' is proportional to the voltage 'V' across the capacitor. So, instead of measuring the charge, we will measure the voltage across the capacitor, which will be indicative of the charge. Then the charge will be q(t)=CV_C (t) (5) Where V_C (t) is the voltage drop across the capacitor at time t. While charging, when the potential difference across the capacitor reaches the battery potential, the capacitor is fully charged. At that point, the potential drop across the resistor is zero and there is no current in the circuit.

PROCEDURE Open the simulation by ctrl+click the link, or copy paste the link to the browser. The simulation should look like that shown in Fig.6 Since this simulation is in java (and not web based as some of the others), you may have to download the simulation. If you cannot run the simulation, you may need to follow the following PhET help guidelines: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/help-center/running-sims Then click "Why can I run some of the simulations but not all?" Run the simulation, and you will see a page like that shown in Fig.7. You would now set up the circuit. For assistance in setting up the circuit, see the manual on Ohm's Law or Kirchhoff's Rules. This experiment requires you to measure the voltage as a function of time. The timer can be easily controlled by using the Pause/Play button () and/or the step button (|) (these are at the bottom of the page).

Figure 6. Figure 7. Case-A: charging the capacitor. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 8. Once set up, it should look something like that shown in figure 9. Set the resistance to 100 , capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V. Before charging the capacitor, make sure that it has no charge (the voltmeter reads zero). Otherwise you need to discharge the capacitor first until the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero. Put switch S1 in the ON state and switch S2 to the OFF state. Set the Pause/Play button () to pause and the timer to zero. Before 5 seconds, use the step button (|) to increase time by 0.5 second intervals and record the voltage values in Table I. After 5 seconds, use the Pause/Play button (/||) to record the voltage at around 7.00, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 seconds. Using equation (5), obtain the charge at each time, and enter in Table 1. Draw a graph between charge on y-axis and time on x-axis. It should look like Fig. 3. Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant and the maximum charge by using eqn. (2) and eqn. (3), and enter in Table 2. Calculate the charges equal to one time constant, two time constants, and five time constants and enter in Table 2. Compare these with the experimental values using % error. Put your calculation in the table II.

Figure 9.

Case-B: Discharging capacitor Set up the circuit as shown in figure 8. Set the resistance to 100 , capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V. Before discharging the capacitor, make sure the capacitor has been fully charged (the voltmeter reading is very close to 10.0 V). Set switch S_1 to off and switch S_2 to on. Set the Pause/Play button () to pause, and the stopwatch to zero. For time less than 5 seconds, use the step button (|) to increase time by 0.5 second intervals. Record the voltage values in Table 3. After 5 seconds, use the Pause/Play button (/||) to record the voltage at about 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 seconds. Using equation (5), obtain the charge at each time, and enter in Table 3. Draw a graph between charge on y-axis and time on x-axis. It should look like Fig. 5. Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant and the maximum charge by using eqn. (2) and eqn. (3), and enter in Table 4. Calculate the charges equal to one time constant, two time constants, and five time constants and enter in Table 4. Compare these with the experimental values using % error. Put your calculation in the table II.

Case-C: Capacitors in Series. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 10. Set the resistance to 100 , each capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V. Before charging the capacitor, make sure that it has no charge (the voltmeter reads zero). Otherwise you need to discharge the capacitor first until the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero. Put switch S1 in the ON state and switch S2 to the OFF state. Now calculate the value of the time constant by using the equation for sum of capacitors in series. Start charging the capacitors and note the voltage difference across both capacitors. Note the time it takes for the voltage to reach 63.2 % of Vmax. This is the measured value of time constant. Note this in Table 5. Now charge the capacitors to full charge, and by using proper switching, measure the time for the voltage across them to fall BY 63.2% of Vmax. This is the measured time constant for discharging the capacitors. Compare the measured and calculated values of the time constant for capacitors in series.

Case-D: Capacitors in parallel. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 11. Set the resistance to 100 , each capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V. Repeat the steps needed to measure the time constant while charging and while discharging, and compare with the calculated value for capacitors in parallel. Enter the results in Table 5. DATA

Case-A: Data for charging a single capacitor

Table-1 Resistance R = _________ Capacitance C = ________

Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t) (eqn. (5) Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t) (eqn. (5) Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t) (eqn. (5) 0.50 3.00 7.00 1.00 3.50 10.0 1.50 4.00 15.0 2.00 4.50 20.0 2.50 5.00 25.0

Make a graph between q(t) and time.

Table 2

Maximum Charge from eqn (2) = Q = ___________ RC time constant from eqn (3) = = ___________

Calculated value eqn (1) Experimental value eqn (5) % error Charge at t = 1 Charge at t = 2 Charge at t = 3

Case-B: Data for Discharging a single capacitor

Table-3 Resistance R = _________ Capacitance C = ________

Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t) (eqn. (5) Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t) (eqn. (5) Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t) (eqn. (5) 0.50 3.00 7.00 1.00 3.50 10.0 1.50 4.00 15.0 2.00 4.50 20.0 2.50 5.00 25.0

Make a graph between q(t) and time.

Table 4

Maximum Charge from eqn (2) = Q = ___________ RC time constant from eqn (3) = = ___________

Calculated value eqn (4) Experimental value eqn (5) % error Charge at t = 1 Charge at t = 2 Charge at t = 3

Case C and D: Data for Two Capacitors in Series and Parallel:

Table 5: Resistance: ____________ Capacitance 1: _____________ Capacitance 2: _____________

Type of Circuit Capacitors in: Calculated values of C and D Measured Charging time C Measured Discharging time D Percent error in time of charging Percent error in time of discharging Series Parallel

C : Time constant for charging D : Time constant for discharging

File Tools View Lab 7- Capacitors in Circuits - using PhET simulation . Saved to this PC v X In this experiment we will determine the time that it takes for the capacitor to charge and discharge to some value. From Egn (2) we see that since the capacitance 'C' is constant for a given capacitor, the charge 'Q' is proportional to the voltage 'V' across the capacitor. So, instead of measuring the charge, we will measure the voltage across OD the capacitor, which will be indicative of the charge. Then the charge will be q(t) = CAVc(t) (5) Where AV(t) is the voltage drop across the capacitor at time t. While charging, when the potential difference across the capacitor reaches the battery potential, the capacitor is Figure 6. Figure 7. fully charged. At that point, the potential drop across the resistor is zero and there is no Case-A: charging the capacitor. current in the circuit. 1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 8. Once set up, it should look something like that shown in figure 9. PROCEDURE 2. Set the resistance to 100 Q, capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V. 1. Open the simulation by ctri+click the link, or copy paste the link to the browser. The 3. Before charging the capacitor, make sure that it has no charge (the voltmeter reads simulation should look like that shown in Fig.6 zero). Otherwise you need to discharge the capacitor first until the voltage across the 2. Since this simulation is in java (and not web based as some of the others), you capacitor becomes zero. may have to download the simulation. If you cannot run the simulation, you may 4. Put switch S, in the ON state and switch $2 to the OFF state. need to follow the following PhET help guidelines: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/help- center/running-sims 5. Set the Pause/Play button ( ) to pause and the timer to zero. Before 5 seconds, use the step button ( | > ] to increase time by 0.5 second intervals and record the voltage Then click "Why can I run some of the simulations but not all?" values in Table I. After 5 seconds, use the Pause/Play button (> / | | ) to record the 3. Run the simulation, and you will see a page like that shown in Fig.7. voltage at around 7.00, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 seconds. 4. You would now set up the circuit. For assistance in setting up the circuit, see the manual 6. Using equation (5), obtain the charge at each time, and enter in Table 1. on Ohm's Law or Kirchhoff's Rules. 7. Draw a graph between charge on y-axis and time on x-axis. It should look like Fig. 3. 5. This experiment requires you to measure the voltage as a function of time. The timer B. Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant can be easily controlled by using the Pause/Play button () and/or the step button and the maximum charge by using eqn. (2) and eqn. (3), and enter in Table 2. Al k i ftheme mom at the bottom of the panel. 9. Calculate the charges equal to one time constant, two time constants, and five time constants and enter in Table 2. Compare these with the experimental values using % error. Put your calculation in the table II. Screens 3-4 of 12 [ Focus - 1 + 1009 76.F 1:38 PM Sunny Q Search LO W 11/17/2023File Tools View Lab 7- Capacitors in Circuits - using PhET simulation . Saved to this PC v X DATA Case-A: Data for charging a single capacitor Figure 10 Table-1 Resistance R = Capacitance C = Case-D: Capacitors in parallel. 1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 11. charge or Charge on Charge on Time Measured Capacitor Time Measured Capacitor Time Measured Capacitor 2. Set the resistance to 100 Q, each capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V. (5) Voltage [V=) (5] Voltage [V=) g(t) Voltage [V=) g(t) eqn. 15 eqn. [5 eqn. [5 3. Repeat the steps needed to measure the time constant while charging and while 0.5 3.0 7.0 discharging, and compare with the calculated value for capacitors in parallel. 1.0 3.50 10.0 4. Enter the results in Table 5. 1.50 4.00 15.0 2.00 4.50 20.0 2.50 5.00 25.0 Make a graph between q(t) and time. Table 2 Maximum Charge from eqn (2) = Q = RC time constant from eqn (3) = = Screens 5-6 of 12 [ Focus - 1 + 100%% 76'F Q Search LOC 1:38 PM Sunny W 11/17/2023File Tools View Lab 7- Capacitors in Circuits - using PhET simulation . Saved to this PC v X Calculated value Experimental value % error Case-B: Data for Discharging a single capacitor eqn [1] eqn [5) Charge of t = 1 r Table-3 Charge at t = 2 Resistance R = Capacitance C = Charge of t = 3 + Charge on Charge on Charge on Tim Measured Capacitor Time Measured Capacitor Time Measured Capacitor (5 ) Voltage (V:) g(t) (5] Voltage (Ve) (5] Voltage (V=) q (t) eqn. (5) eqn. (5) (eqn. (5) 0.50 3.0 7.0 1.00 3.5 10. 1.50 4.00 15.0 2.00 4.50 20.0 2.50 5.00 25. Make a graph between q (t) and time. Table 4 Maximum Charge from eqn (2) = Q = RC time constant from eqn (3] = r = Calculated value Experimental value 56 error eqn [4) eqn [5) Charge at t = 1 t Screens 9-10 of 12 [ Focus - H + 100%% 76 F Q Search LO 1:38 PM Sunny W 11/17/2023