Olivia (9 months old), Malcolm (4 years old), and Andrea (12 years old) are siblings being raised by their biological parents.

1. Andrea liked to play peekaboo with Olivia when she was a young infant because it would make Olivia laugh and smile, but now she doesn't quite get the same reaction. According to Piaget, what cognitive developmental milestone did Olivia lack and what is the evidence for it?
2. Malcolm was mad that Andrea had two brownies, but he only had one. So, Andrea broke his brownie into two pieces and he was happy. What cognitive developmental milestone has he not met yet and why?
3. Andrea noticed that when her Mom left the house, Olivia would cry for her, but when her Mom returned Olivia would easily settle down. Explain how the following concepts played a role in Olivia's behavior:
   1. Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development
   2. Ainsworth's Theory of Attachment Styles
4. Their parents read a lot of parenting books prior to having children as well as while the children were developing. They wanted to be the best parents they could be in order for their children to have the best outcomes possible.
   1. Discuss why their Mom avoided alcohol while pregnant.
   2. Define authoritative parenting and give an example of what this type of parenting style would be like for Andrea, Malcolm, and Olivia.
5. A research study observed 100 infants in the lab using the Strange Situation and classified them as either securely or insecurely attached. About 14 years later they were interviewed when they were adolescents. They found that the infants who were securely attached were more resilient and trusting as adolescents compared to infants who were insecurely attached.
   1. Would that be considered a correlational or experimental study? Why?
   2. Can they say that attachment style causes resiliency? Why or why not?