On its 2016 income statement, Abbott Laboratories reported research and development expense of $1,422,000,000.

Which of the following statements must be true?

A) Abbott Laboratories spent $1,422,000,000 in cash to develop new products and improve old products.

B) Research and development expense reduced Abbott Laboratories 2016 net income by $1,422,000,000.

C) Abbott Laboratories capitalized at least $1,422,000,000 of research and development costs in 2016.

D) The $1,422,000,000 included amortized research and development costs from prior years that were not previously expensed, because Abbott Laboratories incurs such expenses each year.

E) None of the above