One aspect of deterrence theory predicts that punishment is most effective at preventing crime when would-be criminals know that they stand a high likelihood of being caught and penalized for breaking the law. When certainty breaks down, by contrast, crime rate might increase because offenders feel more confident that they will not be apprehended. The following table contains UCR data on the clearance rate for property crimes and the property crime rate per 100. The prediction is that higher clearance rates are associated with lower property crime rates. Using the alpha of .01, test for a negative correlation between the variables. Use all five steps. If appropriate, interpret the sign, the magnitude, and the coefficient of determination.

Region	Property Crimes Cleared (x)	Property Crime Rate (y)
New England	15.40	2.33
Mid Atlantic	22.80	2.05
East North Central	16.30	2.93
West North Central	19.40	2.84
South Atlantic	19.10	3.50
East South Central	17.60	3.34
West South Central	15.80	3.92
Mountain	16.90	3.10
Pacific	14.50	2.90
N = 9