One of the major challenges facing companies today is to keep the customers they already have since there are fewer customers to go around. Changing demographics, sophisticated competitors, and overcapacity in many industries are some of the reasons for this. As a result,

		the cost of giving incentives to existing customers all the time is low.
		the costs of attracting new customers are rising.
		the costs of maintaining existing customers are declining.
		the costs of attracting new customers are declining.

Ace Hardware and True Value are forming the following marketing system to guard against the category killers such as Home Depot and Lowes.

		corporate vertical marketing system
		contractual vertical marketing system
		administered vertical marketing system
		stragegic alliance marketing system

The self-reference criterion refers to peoples unconscious tendency to resort to their own cultural experience and value systems to interpret a given business situation, often observed among managers with the orientation of _____ .

		ethnocentrism
		nation-centrism
		regiocentrism
		polycentrism