One of the most fundamental concerns with corporations is that they focus on short-term profit rather than investing for the long-term. This is a particular concern in the 21st century, where innovation is particularly critical for competitive success. Moreover, allegations of shorttermism have serious social repercussions. Long-term investments, such as developing blockbuster drugs, or training workers, typically benefit stakeholders as well as shareholders, but short-term profit only goes to shareholders. Short-termism can reduce a firm's growth opportunities and give rise to failure. Incentives shape top managers' corporate decisions, including investment decisions. Poor incentives can worsen corporate short-termism while right incentives can drive top managers towards long term investments that expand the growth potential of the firm and increase its market value. Investment decisions are though risky and frequently fail, which can impact the firm's market value negatively. An optimal incentive system should equally lower the chance of imprudent investment decisions.

Given this background, you task in the coursework is to:

Explain how firms may design a compensation scheme to reduce short-termism by combining reward instruments such as stocks, stock options, restricted stocks and inside debt.