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77. Crime-related and demographic statistics for 47 US states in 1960 were collected from government agencies, including the FBI's Uniform Crime Report. One analysis of this data found a strong connection between education and crime indicating that higher levels of education in a community correspond to higher crime rates. Which of the potential problems with samples discussed in mm could explain this connection? 78. YouPolls is a website that allows anyone to create and respond to polls. One question posted April 15 asks: "Do you feel happy paying your taxes when members of the Obama administration are allowed to ignore their tax liabilities?" (Iastbaldeagle. 2013. On Tax Day, House to Call for Firing Federal Workers Who Owe Back Taxes. Opinion poll posted online at: http://www.youpolls.com/details.aspx?id=12328 (accessed May 1, 2013).) As of April 25, 11 people responded to this question. Each participant answered \"NO!" Which of the potential problems with samples discussed in this module could explain this connection? 79. A scholarly article about response rates begins with the following quote: "Declining contact and cooperation rates in random digit dial (RDD) national telephone surveys raise serious concerns about the validity of estimates drawn from such research."(Scott Keeter et al., "Gauging the Impact of Growing Nonresponse on Estimates from a National RDD Telephone Survey," Public Opinion Quarterly 70 no. 5 (2006), (accessed May 1, 2013).) The Pew Research Center for People and the Press admits: "The percentage of people we interview out of all we try to interview has been declining over the past decade or more." (Frequently Asked Questions, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. 75. The Well-Being Index is a survey that follows trends of U.S. residents on a regular basis. There are six areas of health and wellness covered in the survey: Life Evaluation, Emotional Health, Physical Health, Healthy Behavior, Work Environment, and Basic Access. Some of the questions used to measure the Index are listed below. Identify the type of data obtained from each question used in this survey: qualitative, quantitative discrete, or quantitative continuous. a. Do you have any health problems that prevent you from doing any of the things people your age can normally do? b. During the past 30 days, for about how many days did poor health keep you from doing your usual activities? c. In the last seven days, on how many days did you exercise for 30 minutes or more? d. Do you have health insurance coverage? 76. In advance of the 1936 Pres-uentlal Election, a magazine titled Literary Digest released the results of an opinion poll predicting that the republican candidate Alf Landon would win by a large margin. The magazine sent post cards to approximately 10,000,000 prospective voters. These prospective voters were selected from the subscription list of the magazine, from automobile registration lists, from phone lists, and from club membership lists. Approximately 2,300,000 people returned the postcards. a. Think about the state of the United States in 1936. Explain why a sample chosen from magazine subscription lists, automobile registration lists, phone books, and club membership lists was not representative of the population of the United States at that time. b. What effect does the low response rate have on the reliability of the sample? o. Are these problems examples of sampling error or nonsampling error? (i nllrinn the camp \\mar lulnnrnp'1!allln r'nnr'lllr'fnd hie