Operating Systems Question

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(b) and (c) in particular i know part (a)

Question2 (a) A process is an instance of an executing program, containing the program code, data and execution state. (i) What operations must the operating system perform to create a process? (ii) What is a context switch? Describe its operatio (b) Cooperating processes or threads require synchronisation when entering critical sections of their respective programs. (i) What is an atomic operation? (ii) What is a critical section of a cooperating process? Why is synchronisation important when entering these sections? (ii Name and describe the three characteristics a synchronisation mechanism must have. (iv) Describe two mechanisms for synchronisation that cooperating process may use to control access to critical sections. (c) The Hadoop's MapReduce is used to process large sets of data on a large number of collective servers. A job may have thousands of tasks, executed in parallel on the servers. However, the job is often slowed down due to the long-tail problem, i.e. a small amount of tasks make no or very slow progress. Clearly explain two of the main causes of the long-tail problem. Outline two mitigation strategies, and discuss their strengths and limitations