Osceola Electronics, Inc., has developed a new HD DVD. If the HD DVD is successful, the present value of the payoff (at the time the product is brought to market) is $27 million. If the HD DVD fails, the present value of the payoff is $9.7 million. If the product goes directly to market, there is a 60 percent chance of success. Alternatively, Osceola can delay the launch by one year and spend $1.19 million to test-market the HD DVD. Test-marketing would allow the firm to improve the product and increase the probability of success to 80%. The appropriate discount rate is 10%.

What is the NPV of going directly to market? (Round answer to 2 decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations)