Overview: Are the basic skills of early and emergent literacysuch as letter identification, word knowledge, concepts about print, phonemic awareness, and fluency. For each skill, authentic assessment measures are explained to give teachers an understanding of each child's holistic development. This comprehensive look at assessment addresses formal, informal, and self-assessment techniques. It also explains when and how in the assessment process to appropriately gather input from teachers, parents, and students. The data gained from assessment can be used to plan and differentiate instruction to best meet the needs of students.

Instructions: Compare and contrast the bottom-up and top-down models of literacy development by describing the overall theory of each one and their components. What do you think are the pros and cons of each model? Write paper describing both models and the pros and cons.