Palmer corporation's taxable income differed from its accounting income computed for this past year. Which of the following is not an item that would create permanent difference in accounting and taxable incomes for Palmer:

a. using accelerated depreciation for tax purposes and straight-line depreciation for book purposes

b. expenses incurred in obtaining tax-exempt income

c. Fines incurred and paid

d. expenses for life insurance premiums on employees, the company is the beneficiary