Parole and Probation-

1. In which year was the Martinson Report published?

a. 1994

b. 1985

c. 1974

d. None of the above

2. The abolition of parole in the federal system occurred due to which of the following acts?

a. The Crime Control Omnibus Act of 1991

b. The Safe Streets Act of 1984

c. The Homeland Security Act of 2001

d. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984

3. Which model of community supervision officer operation is recommended by the text?

a. Needs Determination Model

b. Social Science Model

c. Social Reintegration Model

d. Social Casework Model

e. Biopsychosocial Model

4. Why is the case of United States v. Birnbaum (1970) important to community corrections?

a. This case demonstrated that probation and parole did not work.

b. This case determined that probation was a privilege and not a right.

c. This case determined that probation was intended to be reintegrative in nature.

d. This case determined what constituted public safety. .

5. Where was the ticket-of-leave system started?

a. Norfolk Island

b. Ireland

c. United States

d. Tasmania

e. British Colonial India

6. The use of community corrections entails which of the following benefits?

a. Social benefits

b. Offender benefits

c. No benefits

d. A & B, but not C.

e. None of the above.

7. Who created the "mark" system?

a. Cesare Beccaria

b. Robert Martinson

c. Alexander Maconochie

d. Sir Walter Crofton

e. John Augustus

8. Sanctuary allowed for which of the following?

a. Escaped criminals could flee to select cities.

b. Criminals could seek refuge in certain areas to negotiate their situation.

c. Exoneration for all crimes.

d. A & B, but not C.

e. A & C, but not B.

9. Benefit of Clergy was initially implemented during the ____________ century?

a. 11th

b. 12th

c. 13th

d. 14th

10. Which of the following is NOT true about sanctuary?

a. Those who stayed in sanctuary too long might risk being starved out by surrounding forces.

b. The use of sanctuary was an adopted practice for over one thousand years.

c. Sanctuary was a form of self-selected banishment.

d. Sanctuary led to criminal city-states due to an influx of criminals in designated towns.

e. From 1750 onward, countries throughout Europe began to abolish sanctuary provisions.

11. Who wrote the essay entitled An Essay on Crimes and Punishments?

a. Cesare Beccaria

b. Robert Martinson

c. Alexander Maconochie

d. Sir Walter Crofton

e. John Augustus

12. Judicial reprieve began to emerge during the _______________.

a. 1400's

b. 1500's

c. 1600's

d. 1700's

e. All of the above.