PART 1: RELIABILITY [5 marks total] Two researchers, Lauren and Sally, were interested in studying cooperative behaviour between two children playing with toys in a large room at a kindergarten. They first agreed on a definition of cooperative behaviour: 'How much a child cooperates with another child'. They then used a partial interval time sampling method. In this methodology, they observed, independently of each other but at the same time, the children playing for 5 seconds and then, in the next 5 seconds, Sally and Lauren recorded what they observed. They followed this procedure of 5 seconds observing/5 seconds recording over a 2-minute period. This period is 'Observation 1'. They then repeated this procedure for another 2-minute period (Observation 2). Below is a record of what Sally and Lauren observed at Observation 1, and what Sally also observed at Observation 2. You will see that there were 10 intervals of time in which they recorded behaviour. X indicates that co-operative behaviour was observed in that interval. SALLY 2 3 4 5 7 OBSERVATION 1 6 8 9 10 Instance of cooperative X X X X X behaviour X X X LAUREN DATA 1 2 3 4 5 OBSERVATION 1 6 7 8 9 10 Instance of cooperative X X X behaviour X X SALLY DATA 1 2 3 4 5 OBSERVATION 2 6 7 8 9 10 Instance of cooperative X X X X behaviour X X X X1. To what extent did Lauren and Sally agree that cooperative behaviour occurred during Observation 1? Q what sort of reliability is being assessed here? [1] To answer this question, calculate and write down the point-bypoint agreement ratio using the following formula: no. agreements on occurrences of behaviour it 100 inter observer agreement = , no. agreements on occurrence + no. disagreements on occurrence [Agreement refers to when an X appears in a corresponding interval. For example, in interval 1 at Observation 1, there is an X for Sally, but none for Lauren. So, that is a disagreement. At interval 2, however, both Sally and Lauren have an X, so that is an agreement. When two corresponding boxes don't have an X, that's not an agreement or a disagreement, so you ignore them]. 2. How well did Sally and Lauren measure what they thought they were measuring? Briey explain your answer. [1] 3. How consistent was Sally across the two Observation periods? Use the same formula as above and write down your result. In addition, tell us what sort of reliability is being assessed here. [1] 4. How do the percentage agreements that you calculated for questions 1 and 3, above, compare? What would you conclude? How would you explain these results? [1]