Part 2: Identification of Indicators of the Frequency of Mortality, Morbidity or Fertility in a Population (32 Points in Total, 2 points each)

Each of the following statements suggests a common epidemiologic or demographic measure.Identify the rate or proportion (indicator) for each item below. Choose from the following indicators, found in Lectures 2 and 3: point prevalence, period prevalence, cumulative incidence, incidence density, crude mortality rate, cause-specific mortality rate, case-fatality rate, proportional mortality ratio, maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, post-neonatal morality rate, total fertility rate, general fertility rate, birth rate and rate of natural increase.

1. In the tiny African nation of Burundi, it is estimated that in 2016, 41.7 infants were born alive for every 1,000 people.
2. The percentage of adults with late-stage age-related macular degeneration at the beginning of the Beaver Dam Eye Study was 1.6%.
3. According to the Beaver Dam Eye Study, conducted in Beaver Dam, WI, 9 middle-aged and older adults (aged 43-86 when the study began) developed late-stage age-related macular degeneration for every 1,000 people over 5 years of follow-up.
4. The African nation of Mali had 34.1 excess births over deaths for every 1,000 people in 2017, while the Eastern European nation of Latvia had 4.8 fewer births than deaths per 1,000 people.
5. The country with the highest number of people dying per 100,000 population from all causes in 2017 was Lesotho, a southern African nation with high prevalence of HIV.The rate there was 15 per 1,000 (or about 1,500 per 100,000).
6. Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 3.93 infants died between 28 days and one year of life for every 1,000 live births in 2016. This was the highest of any of the major American racial/ethnic groups.
7. Worldwide, about 52.8% of all those diagnosed with Avian Flu died from it.
8. In Afghanistan, it is estimated that 110.6 infants died within the first year of life for every 1,000 who were born alive in 2017. By comparison, in Sweden during the same year, only 2.6 per 1,000 died.
9. About 13 cases of infectious disease hospitalizations were identified in a Danish study of children for every 1,000 person-years.
10. There were 0.2 criminal homicides committed with handguns per 100,000 population in the Canadian province of Ontario, and 4.8 per 100,000 in New York State within the year.
11. Malaria accounted for 42% of all deaths among children under 5 in the West African nation of Burkina Faso, with the highest mortality occurring between 6 and 11 months of age.
12. Globally, 18 infants died in the first 28 days of life for every 1,000 live born infants in 2017.
13. In the United States, in 2020 there were 55.8 live births for every 1,000 women aged 15-44, down 4% from the rate in 2019.
14. In 2019 17.9 U.S. mothers died during childbirth or as a result of it for every 100,000 births. When examined by race/ethnicity, however, the numbers were 17.9 non-Hispanic white women, 12.6 Hispanic women and 44 non-Hispanic black women for every 100,000 births.
15. About 11.3% of all deaths in the U.S. in 2020 were due to COVID-19.
16. In the African country of Niger, women were estimated to have had an average of 6.49 children in 2017.