Part A

1. Express summary about the contents of the article

• Why was the research conducted?

1. Research Objective(s) or Goal(s)

• What were the goals or desired outcomes of the research?

1. Theoretical Perspective

• Is there any theory that connects the research to the goals or outcomes of the research?

1. Research Methods

• What research method(s) did the author(s) use in the conduct of this research?
• What kind of research design is used in this case?

1. Conclusion

• What is the overall conclusion of the research?
• What principal recommendations did the author(s) make?

Part B

Identify a program that you or your Public Works would like to be evaluated and recommend an initial design...Justify your recommendations

Do not use bullet points. To What Extent Does Immigration.pdf

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Atl Econ J (2018) 46:243-245 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-018-9576-8 ANTHOLOGY To What Extent Does Immigration Lead to Displacement Effects and Subdued Growth in Earnings for UK Workers? Jessica Green Published online: 4 June 2018 International Atlantic Economic Society 2018 JEL J21 . J30 . 052 The paper explores how immigration has impacted employment and wages for UK natives between 2000 and 2016, using sub-periods to account for the EU enlargement in 2004 and the 2008 recession. The Long-Term International Migration (LTIM) series, which provides estimates of immigration, emigration and net migration flows, indicates that between 2000 and 2016 the UK experienced a significant increase in net migration, peaking in 2004, a 45% increase from 2003 to 2004, up 22% in terms of immigration. The rising trend in immigration and net migration has stimulated interest from economists and policy makers. One explanation for this is the potential adverse effects that immigration may have on wages and employment (Lucchino et al., 2012). The paper contributes to the literature surrounding immigration and its impact on the labour market by examining the following research questions: Does immigration lead to displacement of native workers; particularly for the lowest skill distribution group? Does immigration lead to subdued growth in native wages; particularly for the lowest skill distribution group? Can immigration be solely responsible for the subdued growth in wages at the lowest skill distribution group? A mixed method approach was carried out, predominantly utilising datasets from the Office for National Statistics (ONS), including: the LTIM series, the Labor Force Survey (LFS), Census 2011 and Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE). UK employment levels were analysed in search of answering part (i) of the research questions. Following this, a skill-cell approach was utilised to divide the labour market according to skill and explore the differing effects of migration. Jessica Green jessica.green2013@my.ntu.ac.uk Nottingham Trent University. Nottingham. UK SpringerTo tackle (i1) and (iii) of the research questions, information on wages was required. Generating this with regard to immigration status is problematic as estimates are not readily available. The local authority Boston, within the East Midlands region, experienced the highest percentage increase in non-UK born population growing by 466.9% between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses (McNeil, 2014). The significant increase in migration inflows, combined with the nature of the labour market in demanding low-skilled, casual work within sectors deemed attractive to migrants (Lawton, 2013), allowed Boston to be perceived as a methodologically strong geographical proxy measure for high levels of immigration. First, Boston was compared with the UK using a panel analysis, and second, to five comparable regions with similar characteristics to the labour market of Boston, and ones which also constitute as 'low-skilled, low-pay' geographies. The five comparable regions were identified by considering local authorities (LA's) in terms of National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) level, Socio-Economic Classification (SOC) level and LA's with denominators within +/-10,000 of Boston. The bottom 25th percentile earnings were then compared between regions, taking into consideration immigration levels extracted from (Census 2011). There are two methodological challenges prevail in this area. First, establishing the direction of causality of wage and employment movement can be extremely difficult. Second, spatial analysis does not account for labour market impacts which are dispersed outside of the geography area. The paper finds that employment levels for UK natives continued to grow over the period by 5%, despite immigration and net migration considerably increasing. When broken down by skill level, the analysis indicated that natives within the lowest skill group experienced a slower rate of growth than foreign-born workers, with the employment gap between the two significantly diminishing. As employment rates continued to grow. displacement could not be proven with this dataset alone. Studies expanding on this suggest that low-skilled natives receive the most adverse effects; however, these effects are small with little evidence of displacement (Dustmann et al. 2005, 2008: Lucchino et al. 2012). Within Boston. findings indicated that although the region exhibits slower growth in median eamings than the UK average, when comparing earnings to five similar low-skill. low-pay. regions, Boston displays the highest growth in immigration whilst also exhibiting the highest level of earnings. The five regions considered displayed differing levels of immigration, similar adverse effects from the recession, yet no clear indication that high immigration levels are associated with slow growth in wages post A8 accession and over the whole period. It can therefore be concluded that immigration has not directly dampened wages. Instead the very nature of low-skill, low-pay regions and the industries they exhibit play an influential role in wage determination. Indeed. Lawton (2015) emphasises that the characteristics of poor quality jobs with limited opportunities for training and personal development are prone to slower wage increases. As the UK remains over-reliant on low-skill, low-pay jobs (Lawton, 2015), perhaps it is the configuration of these labour markets, i.e. the low-skill characteristics they exhibit and their high demand for labour, that attracts migrants to settle, as opposed to this minority group directly depressing wages. @ Springer To What Extent Does Immigration Lead to Displacement Effects and... 245 A natural extension of this paper would be incorporating factors reflecting the macroeconomic environment, in order to provide greater clarity on the direction of causality for employment and wage impacts. Acknowledgements | thank my supervisor Geetha Ravishankar for her constant support, guidance and encouragement throughout the project. | would also like to thank Chris Lawton for his expertise in labour market economics and migration, which has broadened my understanding and interest in this highly topical ficld of economics