Part Two Net Present Value Method Net present value (NPV) is one method that can be used to evaluate the financial viability of potential projects. It determines the present value of all future cash flows associated with potential projects and measures this against the cost of the project. To use net present value, a required rate of return must be defined. The required rate of return is the minimum acceptable rate of return that an investment must yield for it to make sense economically. Managers often choose a required rate of return above their cost of capital to ensure that the inherent uncertainties surrounding future cash flows is addressed. This can be risky, however, as it biases the process toward short-term projects. If the NPV is positive, then the project should be accepted ; if it is negative, then the project should be rejected. Let's look at a net present value example using the present value of an ordinary annuity table. The company has a project with a 5-year life that requires an initial investment of $220,000, and is expected to yield annual cash flows of $62,500. What is the net present value of the project if the required rate of return is set at 8%? Calculation Steps Present Value of an Annuity of $1 at Compound Interest. Net Present Value = ( $ 62,500 X ) - 220,000 Note: Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar. What NPV does the previous calculation yield? Part Three Present Value Index When funds for capital investments are limited, projects can be ranked using a present value index. A project with a negative net present value will have a present value index below 1.0. Also, it is important to note that a project with the largest net present value may, in fact, return a lower present value per dollar invested. Let's look at an example of how to determine the present value index. The company has a project with a 5-year life, an initial investment of $220,000, and is expected to yield annual cash flows of $59,500. Whathat is the present value index of the project if the required rate of return is set at 6%? Total present value of net cash flows Present value index Initial investment Calculation Steps Note: Round total present value of net cash flows and initial investment to nearest dollar. Round present value index to two decimal places. Present value index = Part Four Internal Rate of Return Method The internal rate of return (IRR) method uses present value concepts to compute the rate of return from a capital investment proposal based on its expected net cash flows. This method, sometimes called the time-adjusted rate of return method, starts with the proposal's net cash flows and works backward to estimate the proposal's expected rate of return. Let's look at an example of internal rate of return calculation with even cash flows. A company has a project with a 4-year life, requiring an initial investment of $186,300, and is expected to yield annual cash flows of $55,000. What is the internal rate of return? IRR Factor Investmentb Annual cash flows IRR Factor: This is the factor which investment: This is the present you'll use on the table for the value of cash outflows associated present value of an annuity of $1 with a project. If all of the dollar in order to find the investment is up front at the percentage which corresponds to beginning of the project, the present the internal rate of return. value factor is 1.000. CAnnual Cash Flows: This is the amount of cash flows to be received annually as a result of the project. Calculation Steps Present Value of an Annuity of $1 at Compound Interest. IRR Factor = rounded to 6 decimals The calculated factor corresponds to which percentage in the present value of ordinary annuity table? % Feedback Check My Work The internal rate of return calculation is a two-step process. First, you must divide the present value of the initial investment by the annual cash flows of the project to arrive at the IRR factor. Next, use the table for the present value of an annuity of $1 at compound interest, looking down the row of the number of years the project will exist. At the column where you hit the value closest to your computed value, you have determined a percentage that is the internal rate of return for the project. Part Five APPLY THE CONCEPTS: Net present value and Present value index Sutherland Inc. is looking to invest in Project A or Project B. The data surrounding each project is provided below. Sutherland's cost of capital is 8%. Project A Project B This project requires an initial investment of $165,000. The project will have a life of 8 years. Annual revenues associated with the project will be $130,000 and expenses associated with the project will be $35,000. This project requires an initial investment of $130,000. The project will have a life of 7 years. Annual revenues associated with the project will be $113,000 and expenses associated with the project will be $60,000. Calculate the net present value and the present value index for each project using the present value tables provided below. Present Value of $1 (a single sum) at Compound Interest. Present Value of an Annuity of $1 at Compound Interest. Note: Use a minus sign to indicate a negative NPV. If an amount is zero, enter "0". Enter the present value index to 2 decimals. Project A Project B Total present value of net cash flow Amount to be invested Net present value Present value index: Project A O Project B Based upon net present value, which project has the more favorable profit prospects? Project A Based upon the present value index, which project is ranked higher? Project A Feedback Check My Work Subtract the expenses from the revenues to determine net cash flow for each year. Since this is an annuity cash flow, use the appropriate table to look up present value factor for the project life and required rate of return. Part Six APPLY THE CONCEPTS: Internal rate of return Part Six APPLY THE CONCEPTS: Internal rate of return The Sutherland purchasing department has made revisions to their costs and annual cash flows for Project A and Project B, as outlined below. Project A Project B Project A's revised investment is $231,200. The Project B's revised investment is $119,800. project's life and cash flow have changed to 7 The project's life and cash flow have changed years and $47,500, respectively, while expenses to 6 years and $82,500 while expenses have been eliminated. reduced slightly to $55,000. Compute the internal rate of return factor for Project A and Project B and then identify each project's corresponding percentage from the PV ordinary annuity table. Note: Enter the IRR factor, to 5 decimal places. Project A: The calculated IRR factor is and this value corresponds to which percentage in the present value of ordinary annuity table? % Project B: The calculated IRR factor is and this value corresponds to which percentage in the present value of ordinary annuity table? % Feedback Check My Work As done in a prior section, divide the initial investment by the annual cash flow to compute the present value factor. Then use the table to look up where the factor resides on the row corresponding to the project life