Participatory or alternative development paradigms emphasize which of the following: Group of answer choices A top-down mainstream approach with a focus on external involvement by international organizations. A bottom-up approach with local action, indigenous knowledge, and sustainability. The imposition of outside expert knowledge onto those being 'developed' is more effective than listening and learning from local people. A solution based approach rather than an emphasis on strategy to address the new emphasis on diversity, the primacy of localized experience and the colonial roots of development policy discourses