Pedro, Inc. (Pedro), Rico, Inc. (Rico), and Kip, Inc. (Kip), decided what

the price of a particular product would be in a particular market. In that

regard, those companies were not functioning as a trade association. Their

decision was made by the Chief Executive Officers of those companies while

they were attending a football game in Foxboro, Massachusetts. Their

agreement went into effect. Soon thereafter, however, all three said football

fans found themselves indicted for violating Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust

Act. At their trials, each defendant establishes that the did not obtain, or even

seek, monopoly power. In what circumstance would they not be convicted?