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4. [30 points) A recent and continuing concern of automobile manufacturers has been to improve fuel economy. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is to make cars lighter. To do this, vehicle manufacturers are substituting specially strengthened (but lighter) aluminum for steel. Unfortunately, processed aluminum is more expensive than steel - about $3,000 per ton instead of $750 per ton of steel. During the use of the vehicle, current cars emit 0.8 pounds of carbon dioxide per mile traveled (http://www.cia.doe.gov/eneaf/alternate/page/environment/chap3.html). Aluminum-intensive vehicles (AIVs) are expected to weigh less by replacing half of the steel in the car with higher-strength aluminum on a 1 ton of steel to 0.8 ton of aluminum basis). This is expected to reduce fuel use 20%, and emit 20% less CO2 per mile. Assume: Current manufacturing of automobiles produces about 20 tons of CO2 per vehicle (this includes the steel and aluminum used) Current cars can travel 25 miles per gallon of gasoline and gasoline costs $3.00 per gallon Current (steel) cars cost $20,000 to produce, of which $1,000 is currently steel and $250 aluminum AIVs are equivalent to current cars except for substitution of lighter aluminum for steel All cars are driven 100,000 miles Producing a ton of steel emits 1.5 tons of Lo2 Producing a ton of aluminum emits 4.5 tons of CO2 All tons are short tons (2,000 pounds) a) Of current cars and AIVs, which is cheaper over the life cycle given only the information above? Develop a useful visual aid (such as those shown in the lectures) to compare life cycle costs across vehicle types. b) Calculate and develop a useful visual aid to show which vehicle would emit less carbon dioxide over its life cycle. c) Society seems to value the reduction of CO2 at about $10/ton. How does the transition from steel to aluminum in cars compare with society's valuation? a) Of current cars and AIVs, which is cheaper over the life cycle given only the information above? Develop a useful visual aid (such as those shown in the lectures) to compare life cycle costs across vehicle types. b) Calculate and develop a useful visual aid to show which vehicle would emit less carbon dioxide over its life cycle. c) Society seems to value the reduction of CO2 at about $10/ton. How does the transition from steel to aluminum in cars compare with society's valuation? d) How uncertain would our cost and CO2 estimates for steel, aluminum, and gas have to be to reverse our opinion on which car was cheaper or emitted less CO2 over the life cycle? e) Do your answers above give you enough information to determine whether we should produce AIVs? What other issues might be important? 4. [30 points) A recent and continuing concern of automobile manufacturers has been to improve fuel economy. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is to make cars lighter. To do this, vehicle manufacturers are substituting specially strengthened (but lighter) aluminum for steel. Unfortunately, processed aluminum is more expensive than steel - about $3,000 per ton instead of $750 per ton of steel. During the use of the vehicle, current cars emit 0.8 pounds of carbon dioxide per mile traveled (http://www.cia.doe.gov/eneaf/alternate/page/environment/chap3.html). Aluminum-intensive vehicles (AIVs) are expected to weigh less by replacing half of the steel in the car with higher-strength aluminum on a 1 ton of steel to 0.8 ton of aluminum basis). This is expected to reduce fuel use 20%, and emit 20% less CO2 per mile. Assume: Current manufacturing of automobiles produces about 20 tons of CO2 per vehicle (this includes the steel and aluminum used) Current cars can travel 25 miles per gallon of gasoline and gasoline costs $3.00 per gallon Current (steel) cars cost $20,000 to produce, of which $1,000 is currently steel and $250 aluminum AIVs are equivalent to current cars except for substitution of lighter aluminum for steel All cars are driven 100,000 miles Producing a ton of steel emits 1.5 tons of Lo2 Producing a ton of aluminum emits 4.5 tons of CO2 All tons are short tons (2,000 pounds) a) Of current cars and AIVs, which is cheaper over the life cycle given only the information above? Develop a useful visual aid (such as those shown in the lectures) to compare life cycle costs across vehicle types. b) Calculate and develop a useful visual aid to show which vehicle would emit less carbon dioxide over its life cycle. c) Society seems to value the reduction of CO2 at about $10/ton. How does the transition from steel to aluminum in cars compare with society's valuation? a) Of current cars and AIVs, which is cheaper over the life cycle given only the information above? Develop a useful visual aid (such as those shown in the lectures) to compare life cycle costs across vehicle types. b) Calculate and develop a useful visual aid to show which vehicle would emit less carbon dioxide over its life cycle. c) Society seems to value the reduction of CO2 at about $10/ton. How does the transition from steel to aluminum in cars compare with society's valuation? d) How uncertain would our cost and CO2 estimates for steel, aluminum, and gas have to be to reverse our opinion on which car was cheaper or emitted less CO2 over the life cycle? e) Do your answers above give you enough information to determine whether we should produce AIVs? What other issues might be important
