Please answer for #4

1. Stateyour Research Topic, Objective/Purpose, and Research Question(s).

When patients from the United States choose to have a commercial transplant of a kidney in a third world country, do they suffer more medical complications, including but not limited to post-surgery years of survival compared to patients who only have kidney transplants in the United States? In conclusion, I want to prove that with popular theory seeking a commercial transplant overseas can cause more significant overall medical complications than having a kidney transplant done domestically.

2.. List and label the dependent and independent variables.

Independent Variable: Classification of patients (recipients of overseas organ and recipients of domestic organ)

This is the preliminary data that need to be determined. This is independent because it is already defined, and it is not affected by any factor or components of the research.

Dependent Variable: The number of post-surgery complications

It is dependent on the classification of the patient. The initial claim that I want to prove in conducting this research is that recipients of overseas organs experienced more complications than those who received a domestic organ.

3.Describe the type of data you will collect. Bespecific in identifying the nature of your data (nominal, ordinal, etc.).

Classification of the Patient

Level of Post-surgery Complication Experienced by the Patient

Classification of the Patient

• Type of Data:Categorical or Qualitative variablebecause the classification of the patient can only be two categories - the one who internationally received the kidney and the one who domestically received the kidney.
• Level of Measurement / Nature:Nominalbecause the data are only categories and do not have any numerical value in them.

Relevance in the Study:This data is needed because the goal is to find an association between the classification of the patient and the number of post-surgery complications experienced. This data serves as thepredictorof the outcome of the study.

Level of Post-surgery Complication Experienced by the Patient

• Type of Data:Categorical or Qualitative variablebecause the level of post-surgery complication experienced by the patient can only be five categories - Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV, and Grade V.
• Level of Measurement / Nature:Ordinalbecause the data are only categories and the order of the categories matter.

Relevance in the Study:This data is needed because this serves as acriterionor the outcome of the study. This data will indicate if there is an association or relationship between the classification of the patient and the number of post-surgery complications

There are four levels of measurements of data - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio level

• Nominal Level- the data are only categories without numerical value. The data about gender (male or female) is an example of nominal level data.
• Ordinal Level- the data are also categorical but have an order or arrangement. The data about the level of post-surgery complications (Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV, Grade V) is an example of ordinal level data.
• Interval Level- the data has a numerical value but does not have a meaningful zero value. The data about temperature (0F, 11F, 124F) is an example of an interval level.

Ratio Level-the data has a numerical value and has a meaningful zero value. The data about the weight of a person

There are two main types of data - qualitative and quantitative data

• Qualitative/Categorical data- data that only categories, labels, and names.(nominal and ordinal data)
• Quantitative data- data the are numerical in nature(interval and ratio data)

There are common statistical tests /analyses:

TheChi-square Test for Independenceis utilized to determine whether there is an association between thecategorical independent variablewithnominal or ordinal datais associated with the dependent variable withnominal or ordinal data.

• The study uses patients from the United States that had kidney conditions and underwent a kidney transplant as a sample.
• Based on the study, the dependent variable is the number of post-surgery complications per level of post-surgery complications.
• The study will also use a Chi-square Test for Independence. Hence, the data obtained in this study must either be nominal or ordinal data.
• Therefore, from these patients, the researcher must collect the following data.
• Classification of the Patient
• Level of Post-surgery Complication Experienced by the Patient

4.State what data analysis techniques would be appropriate to apply to your proposed study.