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A swap line is a loan from a central bank in one nation to a central bank in another country, with the recipient countries currency serving as collateral for the period of the loan. In March 2022, the Narodowy Bank Polski (NBP), Poland's central bank, made a 1 billion USD swap line available to the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), Ukraine's central bank, on the US dollar-hryvnia (UAH) currency pair, to support Ukraine during Russia's invasion. Ukraine's national currency is the UAH. Assume the NBU enters into a deal with Poland to borrow $1 billion (using UAH as collateral) and swap annual interest payments for three years. NBU will return 1 billion USD and receive its pledged collateral after two years. Assume the spot USD/UAH exchange rate is 29.45, and the interest rates in USD and UAH are 0.25 percent and 13%, respectively.

Questions:

1(a) Is NBU a USD asset or a USD liability in this currency swap agreement? Explain.