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mitigated signicantly by rm maturity, corporate governance, and industry-level strategic emphasis. The results provide novel insights into the effects of hubris on rm spending, the situations wherein marketing decisions tend to be subject to managers' psychological bias. the means of preventing over- or under-investment in marketing strategy. and the recruitment and training of managers. REQUIRED: 2.1 By highlighting three distinct reasons adduced from the abstract, identify and elaborate on the [5 marks) research paradigm and research design implied by the abstract? 2.2 On the basis of the information provided in the abstract alone. elaborate on the motivation for [3 marks) Kim, Xiong and Kim's (2018) study by highlighting the focus of inquiry (Le. the broad question of interest). 2.3 Highlight the original contributions of Kim, Xiong and Kim (2018) to the marketing literature. [2 marks) Below are the title and abstract of an article published in 2018 in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. Volume 46. Issue 3, Pages 537 558. Critically reect on the abstract and answer the questions that follow: Where does pride lead? Corporate managerial hubris and strategic emphasis. MinChung Kim, Guiyang Xiong and Kwang-Ho Kim Abstract A rm's strategic emphasis on value creation versus appropriation, which is typically reected in its resource allocation between R&D and advertising, is a central corporate decision that significantly influences financial performance. However. the drivers of such decisions remain underexplored. This study identies a signicant predictor of strategic emphasis, namely, corporate managerial hubris, and reveals some of its boundary conditions. Leveraging a unique dataset based on text mining of press releases issued by over 400 rms across 13 years. the authors demonstrate that high corporate managerial hubris predicts |ow strategic emphasis on advertising relative to R&D. However, this effect is