Please choose the correct answer(s) as regards the EU system:

a) Regulations are legal instruments of general application.

b) Regulations are binding as to the result to be achieved, leaving to national authorities the choice of form and methods.

c) Directives need transposing into each EU Member State: if not transposed or if incorrectly transposed they may be directly applicable in each EU Member State insofar as they grant clear and precise rights to the citizens.

d) Directives are adopted by the EU Commission whereas Regulations are adopted by the European Parliament and the Council through a co-legislation procedure.

e) Incorrectly transposed Directives may be applied by defaulting Member States to impose obligations on their citizens.