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Tongue piercing and cracked teeth. Researchers compared tooth health and periodontal damage in a group of 46 young adult males wearing a tongue piercing and a control group of 46 young adult males without tongue piercing. They found that 38 individuals in the tongue-piercing group and 26 in the control group had enamel cracks. Tongue Piercing Yes No Enamel Cracks Yes 38 26 No 8 20

Tongue Piercing

		Tounge piecing
		yes	no
Enamel cracks	yes	38	26
no	8	20

Use the following R code to create the contingency table: X = matrix(c(38, 8, 26, 20), nrow = 2)

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for this test?

What is the chi-square test statistic?

Does this study provide significant evidence of an association between enamel cracks and tongue piercing?

Can you conclude that there is a causal relationship between tongue piercing and enamel cracks?