Please find 1-5 based on the financial statements provided.

Attached please find footnote 14 on Taxes from CocaCola's 2020 Annual report. Answer the following questions. 1.What is the firm's 2020 ETR%? 2. How much $tax did the firm save (or how much extra did it pay, and which one) by being located in (international) jurisdictions whose tax rate is different from the US? 3.By how much was 2020 tax depreciation different from 2020 GAAP depreciation, and which was greater? Be sure to account for DT assets and DT liabilities. 4. Repeat #4 cumulatively thru year end 2020. 5. Was the net change in the firm's uncertain tax position a positive or negative expense, and how much was it? NOTE 14: INCOME TAXES Income before income taxes consisted of the following (in millions): Year Ended December 31, United States International Total 2020 3,149 $ 6,600 9,749 $ 2019 3,249 7,537 10,786 $ 2018 888 7,337 8,225 Income taxes consisted of the following (in millions): 396 United States State and Local International Total 2020 Current $ 296 $ $ 1,307 $ 1,999 Deferred (220) 21 181 (18) 2019 Current 508 94 1,479 $ 2,081 Deferred (65) 52 (267) (280) 2018 Current $ 591 1 $ 145 $ 1,426 $ 2,162 Deferred (386) 1 (81) 1 54:1 (413) Includes the tax impact that resulted from changes to our original provisional estimates of the impact of the Tax Reform Act as permitted by Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"). We made income tax payments of $1,268 million, $2,126 million and $2,120 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our effective tax rate reflects the tax benefits of having significant operations outside the United States, which are generally taxed at rates lower than the U.S, statutory rate. As a result of employment actions and capital investments made by the Company, certain tax jurisdictions provide income tax incentive grants, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Singapore and Swaziland. The terms of these grants expire from 2023 to 2036. We anticipate that we will be able to extend or renew the grants in these locations, Tax incentive grants favorably impacted our income tax expense by $317 million, $335 million and $318 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In addition, our effective tax rate reflects the benefits of having significant earnings generated in investments accounted for under the equity method. A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal tax rate and our effective tax rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Statutory U.S. federal tax rate 21.0 % 21.0% 21.0% State and local income taxes --- net of federal benefit 1.1 0.9 1.5 Earnings in jurisdictions taxed at rates different from the statutory U.S. federal tax rate 0.9 1.1 3.1 29 Equity income or loss (1.4) (1.6) (2.5) Tax Reform Act 0.12.16 Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation (0.8) (0.9) (1.3) Othernet (0.6) Effective tax rate 16.7% 21.3% Includes net tax charges of $110 million for a 1.1 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to amounts required to be recorded for changes to our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, in various international jurisdictions, as well as other agreed-upon tax matters. Includes nct tax expense of $431 million (or a 4.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) primarily related to changes in judgment on specific tax positions due to the Opinion and amounts required to be recorded for changes to other uncertain fax positions, including interest and penalties. Also includes a tax benefit of $107 million for a 1.1 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to changes in our assessinent of certain valuation allowances and a net tax benefit of $135 million for a 1.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to domestic return to provision adjustments and other tax items. 3 Includes a tax benefit of S40 million (or a 2.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) associated with the S902 million gain recorded upon the acquisition of the remaining ownership interest in fairlifc. Refer to Noto 2 4 Includes nct tax charges of $ 199 million (or a 1.9 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to amounts required to be recorded for changes to our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, in various international jurisdictions, as well as other agreed-upon tax matters. Includes the impact of pretax charges of $710 million (or a 1.2 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to the impairment of certain of our equity inethod investees. Includes a tax benefit of $199 million (or a 1.5 percent impact on our effective tax rate) recorded as a result of CCBA no longer qualifying as a discontinued operation. Refer to Note 2. ? Includes a net tax benefit of $184 million (or a 1.7 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to amounts required to be recorded for changes to our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, a tax benefit of $145 million (or a 1.4 percent impact our effective tax rate) related to changes in our assessment of certain valuation allowances and a net tax benefit of $89 million (or a 0.8 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to domestic return to provision adjustments as well as other agreed-upon tax matters. 8 Includes the impact of pretax charges of $ 591 million (or a 1.5 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to other-than-temporary impairments of certain of our equity method investees and the impact of a prctax charge of $554 million (or a 1.9 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to an impairment of assets held by CCBA. 'Includes net tax expense of $ 28 million on net pretax charges of $403 million (or a 1.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) primarily related to the refranchising of certain foreign bottling operations. 10 Includes net tax expense of $ 8 million (or a 0.1 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to the finalization of our accounting related to the Tax Reform Act. The one-time transition tax is based on our total accumulated post-1986 prescribed foreign earnings and profits of approximately $41 billion. Most of this amount comprises unremitted foreign earnings, upon which no U.S. federal or state income tax had been accrued, because they were considered to have been indefinitely reinvested. At December 31, 2017, following enactment of the Tax Reform Act, we recorded a provisional $4.6 billion tax reflecting our best estimate of the one-time deemed repatriation tax liability as of December 31, 2017, and a $0.6 billion provisional deferred tax liability related to foreign withholding taxes and state income taxes on earnings no longer considered to be indefinitely reinvested. During 2018, we recorded a net tax expense from the impact of the Tax Reform Act. As permitted by SAB 118, we had recorded provisional adjustments to our reasonable estimate of the impact of the Tax Reform Act during the 2018 measurement period pursuant to our analysis of contemporaneous guidance, interpretations and data, and we have finalized that analysis based on such information available as of December 31, 2018. As such, we recorded an additional $0.3 billion in tax for our one-time transition tax and a tax benefit of $0.3 billion, primarily related to a reduction in deferred taxes on related withholding taxes and state income taxes in 2018. We also remeasured and adjusted certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally 21.0 percent. This adjustment was not significant. As of December 31, 2020, we have not recorded incremental income taxes for any additional outside basis differences of approximately 5.7 billion in our investments in foreign subsidiaries, as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any additional outside basis differences in these entities is not practicable. The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provisions of the Tax Reform Act require the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return each foreign subsidiary's earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary's tangible assets. An accounting policy election is available to either account for the tax effects of GILTI in the period that is subject to such taxes or to provide deferred taxes for book and tax basis differences that upon reversal may be subject to such taxes. We have elected to account for the tax effects of these provisions in the period that is subject to such tax and the impact is reflected in our full year provision. The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. U.S. tax authorities have completed their federal income tax examinations for all years prior to 2007. With respect to state and local jurisdictions and countries outside the United States, with limited exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries are no longer subject to income tax audits for years prior to 2006. For U.S. federal and state tax purposes, the net operating losses and tax credit carryovers acquired in connection with our acquisition of Old CCE that were generated between the years of 1990 through 2010 are subject to adjustments until the year in which they are actually utilized is no longer subject to examination. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the Company believes that adequate amounts of tax, including interest and penalties, have been provided for in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. On November 18, 2020, the Tax Court issued the Opinion regarding the Company's 2015 litigation with the IRS involving transfer pricing tax adjustments in which the court predominantly sided with the IRS. The Company disagrees with the opinion and intends to vigorously defend its position. Refer to Note 11. As of December 31, 2020, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was 915 million. If the Company were to prevail on all uncertain tax positions, the net effect would be a benefit of $588 million, exclusive of any benefits related to interest and penalties. The remaining $27 million primarily represents tax benefits that would be received in different tax jurisdictions in the event the Company did not prevail on all uncertain tax positions. A reconciliation of the changes in the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year 392 $336 $331 Increase related to prior period tax positions 5281 204 2 11 Decrease related to prior period tax positions Increase related to current period tax positions 26 29 17 Decrease related to settlements with taxing authorities (19) (174) (4) Increase (decrease) due to effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes (11) (3) Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at end of year 915$ 392 $ 336 The increase was primarily related to a change in judgment on certain tax positions due to the Opinion. Refer to Note 11. 2 The increase was primarily related to a change in judgment about the Company's tax positions with several foreign jurisdictions. 3 The decrease was primarily related to a change in judgment about one of the Company's tax positions that became certain as a result of settlement of a matter in the United States. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company had 391 million, 5201 million and $190 million in interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits accrued as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of these amounts, $190 million, $II million and $13 million of expense were recognized in income tax expense in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. If the Company were to prevail on all uncertain tax positions, the reversal of this accrual would be a benefit to the Company's effective tax rate. It is expected that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next 12 months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant impact on our consolidated statement of income or consolidated balance sheet. These changes may be the result of settlements of ongoing audits, statute of limitations expiring or final settlements in transfer pricing matters that are the subject of litigation. At this time, an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible outcomes cannot be made. 2020 2019 $ 523 The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in millions): December 31, 2020 2019 Deferred tax assets: Property, plant and equipment 44 $ 53 Trademarks and other intangible assets 2,214 2,267 Equity method investments including net foreign currency translation adjustments) 580 372 Derivative financial instruments 389 Other liabilities 1,401 1,066 Benefit plans 893880 Net operating capital loss carryforwards 320 259 Other 391311 Gross deferred tax assets 6,366 5,597 Valuation allowances (406) (303) Total deferred tax assets $ 5,960 $ 5,294 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment (837) $ (877) Trademarks and other intangible assets (1,661) (1,533) Equity method investments (including net foreign currency translation adjustments) (1,533) (1,667) Derivative financial instruments (435) (348) Other liabilities (402) (351) Benefit plans (321) (286) Other (144) (104) Total deferred tax liabilities $ (5,333) $ (5,166) Net deferred tax assets $ 627 $ 128 sa cuma As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had net deferred tax assets of $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, located in countries outside the United States. As of December 31, 2020, we had $2,669 million of loss carry forwards available to reduce future taxable income, Loss carryforwards of $687 million must be utilized within the next five years, and the remainder can be utilized over a period greater than five years. An analysis of our deferred tax asset valuation allowances is as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Balance at beginning of year R$ 303 $ 419 $519 Additions 240 148 83 Deductions (137) (264) (183) Balance at end of year $ 406 $ 303 $ 419 The Company's deferred tax asset valuation allowances are primarily the result of uncertainties regarding the future realization of recorded tax benefits on tax loss carryforwards from operations in various jurisdictions and basis differences in certain equity investments. Current evidence does not suggest we will realize sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character within the carryforward period to allow us to realize these deferred tax benefits. If we were to identify and implement tax planning strategies to recover these deferred tax assets or generate sufficient income of the appropriate character in these jurisdictions in the future, it could lead to the reversal of these valuation allowances and a reduction of income tax expense. The Company believes that it will generate sufficient future taxable income to realize the tax benefits related to the remaining net deferred tax assets in our consolidated balance sheet. In 2020, the Company recognized a net increase of $103 million in its valuation allowances. The increase was primarily due to net increases in the deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances on certain equity investments. The increase was also due to the increase of valuation allowances after considering significant negative evidence on the utilization of certain net operating losses and excess foreign tax credits. In 2019, the Company recognized a net decrease of $116 million in its valuation allowances. This decrease was primarily due to the reversal of a valuation allowance after considering significant positive evidence on the utilization of certain net operating Attached please find footnote 14 on Taxes from CocaCola's 2020 Annual report. Answer the following questions. 1.What is the firm's 2020 ETR%? 2. How much $tax did the firm save (or how much extra did it pay, and which one) by being located in (international) jurisdictions whose tax rate is different from the US? 3.By how much was 2020 tax depreciation different from 2020 GAAP depreciation, and which was greater? Be sure to account for DT assets and DT liabilities. 4. Repeat #4 cumulatively thru year end 2020. 5. Was the net change in the firm's uncertain tax position a positive or negative expense, and how much was it? NOTE 14: INCOME TAXES Income before income taxes consisted of the following (in millions): Year Ended December 31, United States International Total 2020 3,149 $ 6,600 9,749 $ 2019 3,249 7,537 10,786 $ 2018 888 7,337 8,225 Income taxes consisted of the following (in millions): 396 United States State and Local International Total 2020 Current $ 296 $ $ 1,307 $ 1,999 Deferred (220) 21 181 (18) 2019 Current 508 94 1,479 $ 2,081 Deferred (65) 52 (267) (280) 2018 Current $ 591 1 $ 145 $ 1,426 $ 2,162 Deferred (386) 1 (81) 1 54:1 (413) Includes the tax impact that resulted from changes to our original provisional estimates of the impact of the Tax Reform Act as permitted by Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"). We made income tax payments of $1,268 million, $2,126 million and $2,120 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our effective tax rate reflects the tax benefits of having significant operations outside the United States, which are generally taxed at rates lower than the U.S, statutory rate. As a result of employment actions and capital investments made by the Company, certain tax jurisdictions provide income tax incentive grants, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Singapore and Swaziland. The terms of these grants expire from 2023 to 2036. We anticipate that we will be able to extend or renew the grants in these locations, Tax incentive grants favorably impacted our income tax expense by $317 million, $335 million and $318 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In addition, our effective tax rate reflects the benefits of having significant earnings generated in investments accounted for under the equity method. A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal tax rate and our effective tax rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Statutory U.S. federal tax rate 21.0 % 21.0% 21.0% State and local income taxes --- net of federal benefit 1.1 0.9 1.5 Earnings in jurisdictions taxed at rates different from the statutory U.S. federal tax rate 0.9 1.1 3.1 29 Equity income or loss (1.4) (1.6) (2.5) Tax Reform Act 0.12.16 Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation (0.8) (0.9) (1.3) Othernet (0.6) Effective tax rate 16.7% 21.3% Includes net tax charges of $110 million for a 1.1 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to amounts required to be recorded for changes to our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, in various international jurisdictions, as well as other agreed-upon tax matters. Includes nct tax expense of $431 million (or a 4.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) primarily related to changes in judgment on specific tax positions due to the Opinion and amounts required to be recorded for changes to other uncertain fax positions, including interest and penalties. Also includes a tax benefit of $107 million for a 1.1 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to changes in our assessinent of certain valuation allowances and a net tax benefit of $135 million for a 1.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to domestic return to provision adjustments and other tax items. 3 Includes a tax benefit of S40 million (or a 2.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) associated with the S902 million gain recorded upon the acquisition of the remaining ownership interest in fairlifc. Refer to Noto 2 4 Includes nct tax charges of $ 199 million (or a 1.9 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to amounts required to be recorded for changes to our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, in various international jurisdictions, as well as other agreed-upon tax matters. Includes the impact of pretax charges of $710 million (or a 1.2 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to the impairment of certain of our equity inethod investees. Includes a tax benefit of $199 million (or a 1.5 percent impact on our effective tax rate) recorded as a result of CCBA no longer qualifying as a discontinued operation. Refer to Note 2. ? Includes a net tax benefit of $184 million (or a 1.7 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to amounts required to be recorded for changes to our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, a tax benefit of $145 million (or a 1.4 percent impact our effective tax rate) related to changes in our assessment of certain valuation allowances and a net tax benefit of $89 million (or a 0.8 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to domestic return to provision adjustments as well as other agreed-upon tax matters. 8 Includes the impact of pretax charges of $ 591 million (or a 1.5 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to other-than-temporary impairments of certain of our equity method investees and the impact of a prctax charge of $554 million (or a 1.9 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to an impairment of assets held by CCBA. 'Includes net tax expense of $ 28 million on net pretax charges of $403 million (or a 1.4 percent impact on our effective tax rate) primarily related to the refranchising of certain foreign bottling operations. 10 Includes net tax expense of $ 8 million (or a 0.1 percent impact on our effective tax rate) related to the finalization of our accounting related to the Tax Reform Act. The one-time transition tax is based on our total accumulated post-1986 prescribed foreign earnings and profits of approximately $41 billion. Most of this amount comprises unremitted foreign earnings, upon which no U.S. federal or state income tax had been accrued, because they were considered to have been indefinitely reinvested. At December 31, 2017, following enactment of the Tax Reform Act, we recorded a provisional $4.6 billion tax reflecting our best estimate of the one-time deemed repatriation tax liability as of December 31, 2017, and a $0.6 billion provisional deferred tax liability related to foreign withholding taxes and state income taxes on earnings no longer considered to be indefinitely reinvested. During 2018, we recorded a net tax expense from the impact of the Tax Reform Act. As permitted by SAB 118, we had recorded provisional adjustments to our reasonable estimate of the impact of the Tax Reform Act during the 2018 measurement period pursuant to our analysis of contemporaneous guidance, interpretations and data, and we have finalized that analysis based on such information available as of December 31, 2018. As such, we recorded an additional $0.3 billion in tax for our one-time transition tax and a tax benefit of $0.3 billion, primarily related to a reduction in deferred taxes on related withholding taxes and state income taxes in 2018. We also remeasured and adjusted certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally 21.0 percent. This adjustment was not significant. As of December 31, 2020, we have not recorded incremental income taxes for any additional outside basis differences of approximately 5.7 billion in our investments in foreign subsidiaries, as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any additional outside basis differences in these entities is not practicable. The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provisions of the Tax Reform Act require the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return each foreign subsidiary's earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary's tangible assets. An accounting policy election is available to either account for the tax effects of GILTI in the period that is subject to such taxes or to provide deferred taxes for book and tax basis differences that upon reversal may be subject to such taxes. We have elected to account for the tax effects of these provisions in the period that is subject to such tax and the impact is reflected in our full year provision. The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. U.S. tax authorities have completed their federal income tax examinations for all years prior to 2007. With respect to state and local jurisdictions and countries outside the United States, with limited exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries are no longer subject to income tax audits for years prior to 2006. For U.S. federal and state tax purposes, the net operating losses and tax credit carryovers acquired in connection with our acquisition of Old CCE that were generated between the years of 1990 through 2010 are subject to adjustments until the year in which they are actually utilized is no longer subject to examination. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the Company believes that adequate amounts of tax, including interest and penalties, have been provided for in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. On November 18, 2020, the Tax Court issued the Opinion regarding the Company's 2015 litigation with the IRS involving transfer pricing tax adjustments in which the court predominantly sided with the IRS. The Company disagrees with the opinion and intends to vigorously defend its position. Refer to Note 11. As of December 31, 2020, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was 915 million. If the Company were to prevail on all uncertain tax positions, the net effect would be a benefit of $588 million, exclusive of any benefits related to interest and penalties. The remaining $27 million primarily represents tax benefits that would be received in different tax jurisdictions in the event the Company did not prevail on all uncertain tax positions. A reconciliation of the changes in the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year 392 $336 $331 Increase related to prior period tax positions 5281 204 2 11 Decrease related to prior period tax positions Increase related to current period tax positions 26 29 17 Decrease related to settlements with taxing authorities (19) (174) (4) Increase (decrease) due to effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes (11) (3) Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at end of year 915$ 392 $ 336 The increase was primarily related to a change in judgment on certain tax positions due to the Opinion. Refer to Note 11. 2 The increase was primarily related to a change in judgment about the Company's tax positions with several foreign jurisdictions. 3 The decrease was primarily related to a change in judgment about one of the Company's tax positions that became certain as a result of settlement of a matter in the United States. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company had 391 million, 5201 million and $190 million in interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits accrued as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of these amounts, $190 million, $II million and $13 million of expense were recognized in income tax expense in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. If the Company were to prevail on all uncertain tax positions, the reversal of this accrual would be a benefit to the Company's effective tax rate. It is expected that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next 12 months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant impact on our consolidated statement of income or consolidated balance sheet. These changes may be the result of settlements of ongoing audits, statute of limitations expiring or final settlements in transfer pricing matters that are the subject of litigation. At this time, an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible outcomes cannot be made. 2020 2019 $ 523 The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in millions): December 31, 2020 2019 Deferred tax assets: Property, plant and equipment 44 $ 53 Trademarks and other intangible assets 2,214 2,267 Equity method investments including net foreign currency translation adjustments) 580 372 Derivative financial instruments 389 Other liabilities 1,401 1,066 Benefit plans 893880 Net operating capital loss carryforwards 320 259 Other 391311 Gross deferred tax assets 6,366 5,597 Valuation allowances (406) (303) Total deferred tax assets $ 5,960 $ 5,294 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment (837) $ (877) Trademarks and other intangible assets (1,661) (1,533) Equity method investments (including net foreign currency translation adjustments) (1,533) (1,667) Derivative financial instruments (435) (348) Other liabilities (402) (351) Benefit plans (321) (286) Other (144) (104) Total deferred tax liabilities $ (5,333) $ (5,166) Net deferred tax assets $ 627 $ 128 sa cuma As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had net deferred tax assets of $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, located in countries outside the United States. As of December 31, 2020, we had $2,669 million of loss carry forwards available to reduce future taxable income, Loss carryforwards of $687 million must be utilized within the next five years, and the remainder can be utilized over a period greater than five years. An analysis of our deferred tax asset valuation allowances is as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Balance at beginning of year R$ 303 $ 419 $519 Additions 240 148 83 Deductions (137) (264) (183) Balance at end of year $ 406 $ 303 $ 419 The Company's deferred tax asset valuation allowances are primarily the result of uncertainties regarding the future realization of recorded tax benefits on tax loss carryforwards from operations in various jurisdictions and basis differences in certain equity investments. Current evidence does not suggest we will realize sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character within the carryforward period to allow us to realize these deferred tax benefits. If we were to identify and implement tax planning strategies to recover these deferred tax assets or generate sufficient income of the appropriate character in these jurisdictions in the future, it could lead to the reversal of these valuation allowances and a reduction of income tax expense. The Company believes that it will generate sufficient future taxable income to realize the tax benefits related to the remaining net deferred tax assets in our consolidated balance sheet. In 2020, the Company recognized a net increase of $103 million in its valuation allowances. The increase was primarily due to net increases in the deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances on certain equity investments. The increase was also due to the increase of valuation allowances after considering significant negative evidence on the utilization of certain net operating losses and excess foreign tax credits. In 2019, the Company recognized a net decrease of $116 million in its valuation allowances. This decrease was primarily due to the reversal of a valuation allowance after considering significant positive evidence on the utilization of certain net operating