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24. The concept of sustainable development was first given by; a) Brudtland b) Kindleberger c) Raul Peribisch d) Keynes 25. The unbalanced growth is propounded by; a) Ragner Nurkse b) H Leibenstein cJA O Hirschman d)R Roden 26. Critical minimum efforts thesis treats population as a factor that is; a)Income- generating b)Income - depressing c)Investment -inducing d) Market - expanding 27. Critical minimum efforts thesis is given by; a) Ragner Nurkse b)H Leibenstein cJA O Hirschman d)R Roden 28. A number of indivisibilityes hinder the process of economic growth in the initial stages. This view was enunciated by a)R Nurkse b)H W Singer cJP N Rosenstein Rodan d) W W Rostow 29. Which of the following characteristics are most likely found in developing countries? a) High population growth rates. b) Large number of people living in poverty. c) Very traditional methods of agricultural production. d) all of the above18. According to Simon Kuznets, the relationship between GNP per capita and inequality in the distribution of income can be expressed as : a) a strictly decreasing relationship b) a strictly increasing relationship c) no relationship d) first increasing and then decreasing 19. Nurkse talks about the: a) Relative poverty. b ) Vicious circle of poverty. Lack of capital formation. d) None of these. 20. Directly productive activity includes; a) Plants, machinery, equipments, factories. b) Goods. c )Services d) Public goods 21.According to Nurkse , under development is due to; a) Lack of saving b) Government policy. c )Lack of investment. d) Size of market. 22. The hypothesis 'Vicious circle of poverty' points to inter relation between: a)Productivity and income b)Income and population c)Inflation and high consumption d) Labour and disguised employment 23. The inverted U hypothesis of development is put forward by a)Simon Kuznets b)Solow c) Meade d) A C Pigou11. Modern economic growth is has been analyses by: a) Maurice Alias b) Leontief c) Stone d) Simon Kuznets 12. All under developed countries are: a) Not developing at all b) Developing but slowly c) Developing at different rates d) Receding backward 13. "Under developed countries are slums of the world economy" is a statement given by: a) David Ricardo b) G Myrdal c) Cairncross d) Arthur Lewis 14. With economic growth there is: a) a shift away from agriculture b) a shift away from manufacturing c) a shift in favor of agriculture d Ja shift away from services 15. Growth in developed countries is now mostly the result of: a) Rising labour productivity b) Rising investment c ) Rising capital - output ratio d) Rising Level of Living 16. Which among the following is not a basis of HDI: a) Life expectancy b) Women's literacy. c) Combined enrollment ratio. d) Real GDP per capita. 17. Economic development means: a) Growth. b) Development. C) Growth plus change. d) None of these.4.Life substance according to Goulet means; a) Ability to meet basic needs b) To be a person c) To be able to choose d) All the above 5. Non - income based index is /are a) HDI b) PQLI c) GNP d) Both a and b 6. The major factor of economic growth are; a) Capital accumulation b) Population c) Technical progress d) All the above 7. PQLI was contributed by; a) Muhabul ul Huq b) Morris D Morris c) Meier G M d) None of these 8. Which are the conventional method of development; a) National income b) Per capita income c) Both a and b d) None of these 9. India's rank in HDI in 2013 is ; a) 136 b) 127 c)119 d) 132 10. Sen explain the concept of development in terms of expansion of : a) Entitlement and capabilities b) Freedom c) Both d) None of these