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To be an astronaut takes an extraordinary combination of bravery, fitness, intelligence, lightning-fast decision-making and calmness under the most extreme pressure. But despite selecting the best of the best, humans are still poorly suited to life in space. Away from the Earth, astronauts are bombarded by cosmic radiation and suffer nausea, muscle and bone loss and even weakened immune systems as a result of zero gravity. With long-duration missions planned by space agencies to the Moon and Mars, considerable thought is going into conceiving spacecraft and space habitats to keep astronauts fit and healthy. But what if instead of putting the effort into adapting space to humans, we adapt humans to space?

Neuroscientist Robert Hampson, who studies how radiation affects the brain, claims that It would take a lot of time and material to terraform a planet for instance, but we could find a way to make humans more adaptable to less gravity and a different atmosphere. Hampson has a point as terraforming a planet costs a lot in terms of time and money. For this reason, researchers are exploring how to combine the DNA of other species, namely tardigrades*, with human cells to make them more resistant to the harmful effects of spaceflight, like radiation. If scientists could increase the resilience of human cells to the effects of radiation in some way relatively cheaply and over a shorter period of time, astronauts could remain healthier for longer durations in space. This would be a significant advantage for Mars colonists.

Over many generations these spacefaring humans might become different to their earthbound ancestors. Instead of raising children adapted to Earth, in a bleak alien environment such as Mars, genetically engineering a generation of space people more suited to their environment, could overcome some of the moral objections. Theres a moral imperative to give a child every advantage not just to survive but to thrive, argues Hampson. Genetic engineering may make that goal more achievable for the future children of Mars.

In short, when humans begin to leave the Earth in any significant numbers, we are going to have to adapt to a new environment. Instead of searching for Earth 2.0, we could instead breed Human 2.0. They might even have four hands and a tail.